Announcement

Collapse

Forum Rules (Everyone Must Read!!!)

1] What you CAN NOT post.

You agree, through your use of this service, that you will not use this forum to post any material which is:
- abusive
- vulgar
- hateful
- harassing
- personal attacks
- obscene

You also may not:
- post images that are too large (max is 500*500px)
- post any copyrighted material unless the copyright is owned by you or cited properly.
- post in UPPER CASE, which is considered yelling
- post messages which insult the Armenians, Armenian culture, traditions, etc
- post racist or other intentionally insensitive material that insults or attacks another culture (including Turks)

The Ankap thread is excluded from the strict rules because that place is more relaxed and you can vent and engage in light insults and humor. Notice it's not a blank ticket, but just a place to vent. If you go into the Ankap thread, you enter at your own risk of being clowned on.
What you PROBABLY SHOULD NOT post...
Do not post information that you will regret putting out in public. This site comes up on Google, is cached, and all of that, so be aware of that as you post. Do not ask the staff to go through and delete things that you regret making available on the web for all to see because we will not do it. Think before you post!


2] Use descriptive subject lines & research your post. This means use the SEARCH.

This reduces the chances of double-posting and it also makes it easier for people to see what they do/don't want to read. Using the search function will identify existing threads on the topic so we do not have multiple threads on the same topic.

3] Keep the focus.

Each forum has a focus on a certain topic. Questions outside the scope of a certain forum will either be moved to the appropriate forum, closed, or simply be deleted. Please post your topic in the most appropriate forum. Users that keep doing this will be warned, then banned.

4] Behave as you would in a public location.

This forum is no different than a public place. Behave yourself and act like a decent human being (i.e. be respectful). If you're unable to do so, you're not welcome here and will be made to leave.

5] Respect the authority of moderators/admins.

Public discussions of moderator/admin actions are not allowed on the forum. It is also prohibited to protest moderator actions in titles, avatars, and signatures. If you don't like something that a moderator did, PM or email the moderator and try your best to resolve the problem or difference in private.

6] Promotion of sites or products is not permitted.

Advertisements are not allowed in this venue. No blatant advertising or solicitations of or for business is prohibited.
This includes, but not limited to, personal resumes and links to products or
services with which the poster is affiliated, whether or not a fee is charged
for the product or service. Spamming, in which a user posts the same message repeatedly, is also prohibited.

7] We retain the right to remove any posts and/or Members for any reason, without prior notice.


- PLEASE READ -

Members are welcome to read posts and though we encourage your active participation in the forum, it is not required. If you do participate by posting, however, we expect that on the whole you contribute something to the forum. This means that the bulk of your posts should not be in "fun" threads (e.g. Ankap, Keep & Kill, This or That, etc.). Further, while occasionally it is appropriate to simply voice your agreement or approval, not all of your posts should be of this variety: "LOL Member213!" "I agree."
If it is evident that a member is simply posting for the sake of posting, they will be removed.


8] These Rules & Guidelines may be amended at any time. (last update September 17, 2009)

If you believe an individual is repeatedly breaking the rules, please report to admin/moderator.
See more
See less

Turkey is a Permanent Threat to Armenia - Excellent Article

Collapse
X
 
  • Filter
  • Time
  • Show
Clear All
new posts

  • Turkey is a Permanent Threat to Armenia - Excellent Article

    I agree with this article, with the exception of one footnote I added.

    Turkey: A Permanent Threat to Armenia
    OPINION | AUGUST 2, 2012 11:46 AM
    By David Boyajian

    If Turkey were to open its border with Armenia and the two established diplomatic and trade relations, Turkey would still be a threat to Armenia.

    Turkey would be a threat even if it were to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, pay reparations and return stolen Armenian property. And the threat to Armenia would remain even if it someday regains its homeland which now lies in eastern Turkey.

    Why? Because Turkey’s belligerent policies towards Armenians, its pan-Turkic goals in the Caucasus and Central Asia and its neo- Ottoman ambitions pose essentially the same dangers today as at the time of the genocide. And they show no sign of ever changing.

    Aside from a general awareness of the genocide and present-day Turkish hostility, howev- er, many Armenians and others are unfamiliar with key details of past and present Turkish policies. Consequently, they underestimate the dangers that Armenia faces.

    Even the commonly held view that “in 1915 the Young Turk regime committed genocide against Armenians in Turkey” is dangerously misleading.

    The Genocide actually lasted through 1923, five years after Turkey’s defeat in WWI. Two regimes conducted the Genocide: Ottoman Young Turk and Kemalist. The latter, of course, founded today’s “modern” Turkey. And the Genocide took place not only in “Turkey” but also, ominously, on what was and is today the territory of the Republic of Armenia.

    Endless Genocide

    Turkifying and Islamizing the remnants of its empire was a key reason that Turkey destroyed its indigenous Armenian, Assyrian and Greek Christians during WWI (1914-18). But Armenians and Armenian soil also lay just across the border, in the Caucasus region of the Russian empire, directly in the path of Turkey’s genocidal pan-Turkic jihad. Turkey committed genocide against those Armenians too and ripped large chunks of territory from the new Armenian Republic, which had just been reborn from Russian Armenia.

    Azeris [my foot note 1] — Turkey’s blood brothers then and now — also conducted large-scale massacres of Armenians in the Caucasus in WWI and through 1920.

    After Turkey’s defeat in 1918, Turkish forces under Kemal (known later as Atatürk) contin- ued the Genocide in the Armenian Republic through 1920 and in Turkey through 1923.

    Like Turkish leaders today who lie and deceive, Kemal publicly professed peaceful intentions toward Armenia. Secretly, however, he told his commanders that it is “of the utmost necessity that Armenia be both politically and physically eliminated.” Kemal, too, lopped off chunks of Armenia. Though it resisted heroically, only a Soviet takeover in December of 1920 saved Armenia from annihilation.

    These facts are relevant to the perils that Armenia faces today because of Turkey’s pan- Turkic and neo-Ottoman foreign policies.

    Pan-Turkism

    Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkey has established ongoing relationships with Azerbaijan and Central Asia’s new “Turkic-speaking” countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Turkey has invested billions of dollars and established Turkish schools and universities in these countries. Turkey’s President Abdullah Gül declared that “Kyrgyzstan is our ancestral homeland” while visiting that country’s International Atatürk-Alatoo University.

    Turkey hosts major gas and oil pipelines originating in Baku, co-produces weapons with Azerbaijan and trains Azeri troops. In Turkic solidarity with Azerbaijan, Turkey has injected itself into the Artsakh/Karabagh conflict by closing its border with Armenia for two

    decades. The Turkish-Azeri axis — termed “one nation, two states” — harks back to its assault on Armenia during the Genocide. One hundred years has changed nothing. Turkey remains enamored of Turkic blood bonds.

    In the former Armenian province of Nakhichevan — now part of Azerbaijan and emptied of its Armenians — Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan recently signed a treaty creating the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States.

    Let’s be clear. Only Soviet control of the Caucasus and Central Asia from the 1920s to 1991 and Russian and Chinese dominance since then have thwarted Turkey’s pan-Turkic goals.

    For several decades, of course, Russia and China have possessed nuclear weapons; Turkey has not. Imagine what an arrogant, genocidal Turkey would have perpetrated by now had it possessed nuclear weapons. Turkey could still, unfortunately, acquire nuclear weapons or other WMDs.

    Turkey’s dangerous imperial goals today also include “neo-Ottomanism.”

    Neo-Ottomanism

    Turkey regards itself as the leader of not only its former colonies in the Middle East and Balkans but also the entire Muslim world. Turkey is investing heavily in those regions.

    Its Education Ministry recently released multi-media material that shows Armenia, Cyprus and parts of Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iraq and Syria as being part of Turkey. Turkey claimed it was just a mistake.

    “You are the grandchildren of the Ottomans. It will be the Ottomans who will make the world tremble again. If the Ottomans do not come back, the unbelievers will never be brought down to their knees.” A Turkish clergyman thundered those words to a frenzied Turkish rally in Belgium two decades ago.

    In attendance were his admirers: Necmettin Erbakan, soon to be Turkey’s prime minister and the latter’s protégés, Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Abdullah Gül, Turkey’s current prime minister and president, respectively.

    Far from renouncing its bloody Ottoman past, such examples illustrate that Turkey embraces and wants to recreate it. Consequently, its threats against Armenia must never be taken lightly.

    Turkish Threats

    During the Artsakh/Karabagh war, then- Turkish President Turgut Özal repeatedly threatened Armenia. Armenians, he warned, “had not learned the lessons” of WWI — that is, the Genocide.

    According to Leonidas Chrysanthopoulos, former Greek ambassador to Armenia, US and French intelligence sources confirm that Turkey was poised to invade Armenia in 1993. Ruslan Khasbulatov, a Chechen who was speaker of the Russian Supreme Soviet and an opponent of Russian President Boris Yeltsin, had secretly given Turkey the go-ahead to invade Armenia if he toppled Yelstin. Fortunately, Yelstin survived the challenge.

    If not for the Armenian-Russian alliance of these past two decades, Turkey and Azerbaijan would have jointly attacked Armenia, with catastrophic consequences.

    Despite Turkey’s hostile record, some Armenians have fallen victim to the constant drumbeat of propaganda that Turkey is “reforming.”

    Turkish non-Reforms

    Some even believe that acknowledgement of the Armenian Genocide would be tantamount to Turkey’s having “reformed.” That’s absurd and a serious mistake.

    An acknowledgment, which would almost certainly be incomplete, insincere or reversible, could psychologically disarm Armenians into letting down their guard. By not owning up to the Genocide, therefore, Turkey may unwittingly be doing Armenians a favor.

    Turkey’s actual record is one of repression, followed by mass violence, interspersed with so-called “reforms.”

    In the 19th century, large-scale massacres of Armenians, particularly those of the 1890s, followed Ottoman “reforms” such as the Tanzimat (anti-discrimination decrees). The Young Turk “reform” revolution of 1908 — cheered in the beginning by Armenians, Greeks and other national groups — was followed by the 1909 Adana massacres, the 1915-23 extermination and genocidal attacks on Russian Armenia and the Republic of Armenia.

    Then along came the new “reformed, modern” Turkey of 1923. It confiscated Armenian property, destroyed Armenian churches and Turkified Armenian city and village names. In 1943, Turkey unleashed its malicious Capital Tax program against Armenians, Greeks and xxxs.

    Later came the devastating Istanbul riots of 1955. Did we mention Turkey’s massacre of Greek Cypriot civilians and ongoing occupation of northern Cyprus? The death squads and torture chambers? The repression, deportation and massacre of Kurds and other minorities and the jailing of dissidents and journalists?

    All the while, we are told that Turkey is “reforming.”

    Turkish Syndrome

    In addition to Turkey’s policies, its political leaders pose a danger because of what one may term Turkish Political Personality Syndrome.

    This syndrome is on full display today in “modern” Turkey’s constant threats, chest-beat- ing, belligerence, malignant narcissism, hypocrisy, extortion, despotism, cruelty, crude- ness, lies, broken pledges and, of course, the use of violence.

    The countless victims of Turkish violence down through the centuries are proof of Turkish leaders’ disordered state of mind.

    There is little indication that either Turkey’s policies toward Armenians or their leaders’ disorder will ever change. Indeed, they may grow more threatening.

    Yet, Armenians still hope that Turkey will change. How to make them aware that the Turkish threat is here to stay? Education.

    Young people will, of course, become the adults who conduct the political, economic, cultural and military affairs of Armenia. They must be equipped intellectually and psychologically to deal with Turkey.

    From a young age, Armenian students must study — but not in Turkish schools — Turkish history, geopolitics and language and their application to present-day Armenian-Turkish relations.

    The Turkish political personality and its violent and deceitful tendencies must be dissected and understood.

    This is not easy, for two reasons. First, Armenians are bombarded by pro-Turkish and “reconciliation” propaganda from around the world and even by some Armenians. Second, we Armenians are unlike Turks and often have difficulty understanding their political culture.

    Ultimately, future generations of Armenians will have to choose whom to believe. Will it be the allegedly “reformed, modern” Turkey? The international media that kowtows to Turkey? Countries that historically have betrayed Armenia?

    Or will Armenians learn from the past and the hard-earned wisdom of their forebears?

    Their decision may determine whether Armenia lives or dies.

    (David Boyajian is a freelance journalist. Many of his articles are archived on Armeniapedia.org.)

    [my foot note 1]
    Real Azaris are Iranians and are not Turks. The people in Republic of Azerbaijan started calling themselves "Azeri," which is confusing because there are two groups (the real Iranian ones, and the fakers in Baku). We must be careful not to insult our Iranian friends because real Iranian-Azaris are friends with Armenians for a long time. Some of us have started calling the bad ones "Aliyev-baijanis" or "Israel-baijanis." This is important. Imagine if the Saudi government started calling themselves Armenians and then everyone kept saying 'the Armenians behead people' and the 'Armenians are friends with Al Qaeda' ... it would piss us off. I'm sure the Iranians don't appreciate that the Aliyev-baijani panturks have stolen their identity.

  • #2
    Re: Turkey is a Permanent Threat to Armenia - Excellent Article

    I agree with what is said. But think their needs to be further clarification.the wording only focuses on "turkish """???nation???""" and does not include the individual turk of today. The same as the national will the same as the vast and general majority. They are --- HEARTLESS ---. Have you forgotten?
    Artashes

    Comment


    • #3
      Re: Turkey is a Permanent Threat to Armenia - Excellent Article

      Originally posted by CIM View Post
      I agree with this article, with the exception of one footnote I added.

      Turkey: A Permanent Threat to Armenia
      OPINION | AUGUST 2, 2012 11:46 AM
      By David Boyajian

      If Turkey were to open its border with Armenia and the two established diplomatic and trade relations, Turkey would still be a threat to Armenia.

      Turkey would be a threat even if it were to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, pay reparations and return stolen Armenian property. And the threat to Armenia would remain even if it someday regains its homeland which now lies in eastern Turkey.

      Why? Because Turkey’s belligerent policies towards Armenians, its pan-Turkic goals in the Caucasus and Central Asia and its neo- Ottoman ambitions pose essentially the same dangers today as at the time of the genocide. And they show no sign of ever changing.

      Aside from a general awareness of the genocide and present-day Turkish hostility, howev- er, many Armenians and others are unfamiliar with key details of past and present Turkish policies. Consequently, they underestimate the dangers that Armenia faces.

      Even the commonly held view that “in 1915 the Young Turk regime committed genocide against Armenians in Turkey” is dangerously misleading.

      The Genocide actually lasted through 1923, five years after Turkey’s defeat in WWI. Two regimes conducted the Genocide: Ottoman Young Turk and Kemalist. The latter, of course, founded today’s “modern” Turkey. And the Genocide took place not only in “Turkey” but also, ominously, on what was and is today the territory of the Republic of Armenia.

      Endless Genocide

      Turkifying and Islamizing the remnants of its empire was a key reason that Turkey destroyed its indigenous Armenian, Assyrian and Greek Christians during WWI (1914-18). But Armenians and Armenian soil also lay just across the border, in the Caucasus region of the Russian empire, directly in the path of Turkey’s genocidal pan-Turkic jihad. Turkey committed genocide against those Armenians too and ripped large chunks of territory from the new Armenian Republic, which had just been reborn from Russian Armenia.

      Azeris [my foot note 1] — Turkey’s blood brothers then and now — also conducted large-scale massacres of Armenians in the Caucasus in WWI and through 1920.

      After Turkey’s defeat in 1918, Turkish forces under Kemal (known later as Atatürk) contin- ued the Genocide in the Armenian Republic through 1920 and in Turkey through 1923.

      Like Turkish leaders today who lie and deceive, Kemal publicly professed peaceful intentions toward Armenia. Secretly, however, he told his commanders that it is “of the utmost necessity that Armenia be both politically and physically eliminated.” Kemal, too, lopped off chunks of Armenia. Though it resisted heroically, only a Soviet takeover in December of 1920 saved Armenia from annihilation.

      These facts are relevant to the perils that Armenia faces today because of Turkey’s pan- Turkic and neo-Ottoman foreign policies.

      Pan-Turkism

      Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkey has established ongoing relationships with Azerbaijan and Central Asia’s new “Turkic-speaking” countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Turkey has invested billions of dollars and established Turkish schools and universities in these countries. Turkey’s President Abdullah Gül declared that “Kyrgyzstan is our ancestral homeland” while visiting that country’s International Atatürk-Alatoo University.

      Turkey hosts major gas and oil pipelines originating in Baku, co-produces weapons with Azerbaijan and trains Azeri troops. In Turkic solidarity with Azerbaijan, Turkey has injected itself into the Artsakh/Karabagh conflict by closing its border with Armenia for two

      decades. The Turkish-Azeri axis — termed “one nation, two states” — harks back to its assault on Armenia during the Genocide. One hundred years has changed nothing. Turkey remains enamored of Turkic blood bonds.

      In the former Armenian province of Nakhichevan — now part of Azerbaijan and emptied of its Armenians — Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan recently signed a treaty creating the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States.

      Let’s be clear. Only Soviet control of the Caucasus and Central Asia from the 1920s to 1991 and Russian and Chinese dominance since then have thwarted Turkey’s pan-Turkic goals.

      For several decades, of course, Russia and China have possessed nuclear weapons; Turkey has not. Imagine what an arrogant, genocidal Turkey would have perpetrated by now had it possessed nuclear weapons. Turkey could still, unfortunately, acquire nuclear weapons or other WMDs.

      Turkey’s dangerous imperial goals today also include “neo-Ottomanism.”

      Neo-Ottomanism

      Turkey regards itself as the leader of not only its former colonies in the Middle East and Balkans but also the entire Muslim world. Turkey is investing heavily in those regions.

      Its Education Ministry recently released multi-media material that shows Armenia, Cyprus and parts of Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iraq and Syria as being part of Turkey. Turkey claimed it was just a mistake.

      “You are the grandchildren of the Ottomans. It will be the Ottomans who will make the world tremble again. If the Ottomans do not come back, the unbelievers will never be brought down to their knees.” A Turkish clergyman thundered those words to a frenzied Turkish rally in Belgium two decades ago.

      In attendance were his admirers: Necmettin Erbakan, soon to be Turkey’s prime minister and the latter’s protégés, Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Abdullah Gül, Turkey’s current prime minister and president, respectively.

      Far from renouncing its bloody Ottoman past, such examples illustrate that Turkey embraces and wants to recreate it. Consequently, its threats against Armenia must never be taken lightly.

      Turkish Threats

      During the Artsakh/Karabagh war, then- Turkish President Turgut Özal repeatedly threatened Armenia. Armenians, he warned, “had not learned the lessons” of WWI — that is, the Genocide.

      According to Leonidas Chrysanthopoulos, former Greek ambassador to Armenia, US and French intelligence sources confirm that Turkey was poised to invade Armenia in 1993. Ruslan Khasbulatov, a Chechen who was speaker of the Russian Supreme Soviet and an opponent of Russian President Boris Yeltsin, had secretly given Turkey the go-ahead to invade Armenia if he toppled Yelstin. Fortunately, Yelstin survived the challenge.

      If not for the Armenian-Russian alliance of these past two decades, Turkey and Azerbaijan would have jointly attacked Armenia, with catastrophic consequences.

      Despite Turkey’s hostile record, some Armenians have fallen victim to the constant drumbeat of propaganda that Turkey is “reforming.”

      Turkish non-Reforms

      Some even believe that acknowledgement of the Armenian Genocide would be tantamount to Turkey’s having “reformed.” That’s absurd and a serious mistake.

      An acknowledgment, which would almost certainly be incomplete, insincere or reversible, could psychologically disarm Armenians into letting down their guard. By not owning up to the Genocide, therefore, Turkey may unwittingly be doing Armenians a favor.

      Turkey’s actual record is one of repression, followed by mass violence, interspersed with so-called “reforms.”

      In the 19th century, large-scale massacres of Armenians, particularly those of the 1890s, followed Ottoman “reforms” such as the Tanzimat (anti-discrimination decrees). The Young Turk “reform” revolution of 1908 — cheered in the beginning by Armenians, Greeks and other national groups — was followed by the 1909 Adana massacres, the 1915-23 extermination and genocidal attacks on Russian Armenia and the Republic of Armenia.

      Then along came the new “reformed, modern” Turkey of 1923. It confiscated Armenian property, destroyed Armenian churches and Turkified Armenian city and village names. In 1943, Turkey unleashed its malicious Capital Tax program against Armenians, Greeks and xxxs.

      Later came the devastating Istanbul riots of 1955. Did we mention Turkey’s massacre of Greek Cypriot civilians and ongoing occupation of northern Cyprus? The death squads and torture chambers? The repression, deportation and massacre of Kurds and other minorities and the jailing of dissidents and journalists?

      All the while, we are told that Turkey is “reforming.”

      Turkish Syndrome

      In addition to Turkey’s policies, its political leaders pose a danger because of what one may term Turkish Political Personality Syndrome.

      This syndrome is on full display today in “modern” Turkey’s constant threats, chest-beat- ing, belligerence, malignant narcissism, hypocrisy, extortion, despotism, cruelty, crude- ness, lies, broken pledges and, of course, the use of violence.

      The countless victims of Turkish violence down through the centuries are proof of Turkish leaders’ disordered state of mind.

      There is little indication that either Turkey’s policies toward Armenians or their leaders’ disorder will ever change. Indeed, they may grow more threatening.

      Yet, Armenians still hope that Turkey will change. How to make them aware that the Turkish threat is here to stay? Education.

      Young people will, of course, become the adults who conduct the political, economic, cultural and military affairs of Armenia. They must be equipped intellectually and psychologically to deal with Turkey.

      From a young age, Armenian students must study — but not in Turkish schools — Turkish history, geopolitics and language and their application to present-day Armenian-Turkish relations.

      The Turkish political personality and its violent and deceitful tendencies must be dissected and understood.

      This is not easy, for two reasons. First, Armenians are bombarded by pro-Turkish and “reconciliation” propaganda from around the world and even by some Armenians. Second, we Armenians are unlike Turks and often have difficulty understanding their political culture.

      Ultimately, future generations of Armenians will have to choose whom to believe. Will it be the allegedly “reformed, modern” Turkey? The international media that kowtows to Turkey? Countries that historically have betrayed Armenia?

      Or will Armenians learn from the past and the hard-earned wisdom of their forebears?

      Their decision may determine whether Armenia lives or dies.

      (David Boyajian is a freelance journalist. Many of his articles are archived on Armeniapedia.org.)

      [my foot note 1]
      Real Azaris are Iranians and are not Turks. The people in Republic of Azerbaijan started calling themselves "Azeri," which is confusing because there are two groups (the real Iranian ones, and the fakers in Baku). We must be careful not to insult our Iranian friends because real Iranian-Azaris are friends with Armenians for a long time. Some of us have started calling the bad ones "Aliyev-baijanis" or "Israel-baijanis." This is important. Imagine if the Saudi government started calling themselves Armenians and then everyone kept saying 'the Armenians behead people' and the 'Armenians are friends with Al Qaeda' ... it would piss us off. I'm sure the Iranians don't appreciate that the Aliyev-baijani panturks have stolen their identity.
      Ya, let's open our border with ...
      Good idea
      Artashes

      Comment


      • #4
        Re: Turkey is a Permanent Threat to Armenia - Excellent Article

        If not for the Armenian-Russian alliance of these past two decades, Turkey and Azerbaijan would have jointly attacked Armenia, with catastrophic consequences.


        Ah oh Fhrhrhhhhhrrrrrrrrrrt. Let's go join europe guys, lets go have us some nice Zara or channel dresses. We can sing like Lady Qaqa in our singer contests.
        Lets go jump into the buzm of france and england (its so much worm and fun there). We can have big big gey parades, and lots of glitter and finally this medieval land will be modern.
        Can you imagine? european markets ful of good stuff and all you guys have to do, cary out, cary as much as you can. You can open doors of mersedeses, jaguars, lamborghinis. Europe will say kshshshshshttt and turks wil be gone, no more nightmares. Everyone of us will get european welfare checks. In Yerevan there will be shishkebabs all over, all day, every day.



        Now seriosely.... Thanks for the article CIM, and hope that everyone will read and think about it.
        Last edited by Hakob; 12-01-2013, 10:16 PM.

        Comment

        Working...
        X