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Recognize the 1915 Genocide for what it is

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  • Recognize the 1915 Genocide for what it is



    In connection to the voting in the Swedish Parliament on June 11, 2008, regarding the four motions calling upon Sweden to recognize the 1915 Genocide in Ottoman Turkey. The Foreign Committee has advised rejecting the motions on the basis of "disagreement among researchers" and "the need of further research".

    The Armenian Genocide, which also engulfed the Assyrians, Pontic Greeks and other minorities in the Ottoman Empire, began more than nine decades ago in 1915, but this issue gains added urgency the longer that denial of the crime continues. The genocide, or “extermination” as it was labeled by the international media and diplomatic corps, was an established fact for the world community. During the brief postwar period following the defeat of Turkey in 1918 until the rise of the Turkish Nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal, the annihilation of the Armenians was discussed openly. Turkish court martial tribunals tried political and military leaders implicated in “war crimes” and “crimes against humanity.” Several of the accused were found guilty and sentenced to death or given prison terms. Post-war Turkey passed through a phrase similar to that of Germany after World War II. During these proceedings, the truth about the persecution of the minorities in the Ottoman Empire was brought to light with horrifying details.

    The process did not last long, however. The rise of the Turkish Nationalist movement and rejection of the sultan’s government ultimately led to the disbanding of the tribunals and the release of most of the accused. Almost all of the remaining Christian population—Armenian, Assyrian, and Greek—was then cleansed from their homelands of several millennia. Much of the court data and protocols disappeared, and Turkey entered a period of trying to erase all traces of Armenian existence in Anatolia and the historic Armenian plateau to the east.

    Nine decades later, the once so-called “forgotten genocide” is no longer forgotten and warrants growing attention among academic and political circles. It is seen as a prototype of mass killing in the twentieth century and can be viewed as one of the most successful campaigns of genocide and ethnic cleansing in all history. The victimization of the Armenians extended to the Assyrian, Greek, Yezidi, and even Kurdish population, which was subjected to extensive “social engineering” through forced relocation and resettlement. As it happened the Turkish authorities became the beneficiaries of an “Armenia without Armenians” and, despite worldwide pledges and promises to punish the perpetrators, escaped any responsibility for the crime. Today, Turkey implements an active campaign of denial. Silence and passivity on the part of the world community, including Sweden, can only aid and abet this campaign. All the arguments relating to the need for further research or lack of consensus among scholars are spurious. The archives of every major country in Europe leave no doubt about the campaign of annihilation which occurred under the cover of a world conflict. The denialist arguments are all politically motivated and have nothing to do with the historical record. They are no more credible than those of Holocaust deniers such as Robert Faurisson, David Irving, Willis Carto, and Ernst Zündel.

    Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term genocide in the 1940s and was the principal author of the U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, was deeply aware of the Armenian calamity and the failure of the international community to intercede or at least to punish the authors of the genocide. Recent research has demonstrated how deeply he was affected by the absence of effective international machinery to intervene at the time. He was also troubled by the persecution and massacres of the Assyrians in Iraq during the 1930s. What is more, newly conducted research at Uppsala University confirms that the Swedish Foreign Department and Government, through the reports of Ambassador Per Gustaf August Cosswa Anckarsvärd’s and Military Attaché Einar af Wirsén, were well aware of the annihilation that was occurring in the Ottoman Empire.

    Today, Sweden is internationally regarded as a champion of human rights. It is incumbent on the Swedish authorities to live up to this reputation and to reject any compromise with negationism and denial. The Swedish Government should attempt to assist Turkey to become a better democracy by facing its history and acknowledging the truth, not by continuing to stagger in the darkness of self-deception and pretense.

    Today, the data and information about the Genocide of Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks are so extensive that no serious politician can honestly cite insufficient or inconclusive research as an excuse to avoid recognition. Refusal to recognize established fact based on qualitative and quantitative research may be regarded as being tantamount to denial. The researchers have done their job in establishing the reality of the Armenian Genocide. Now, the turn has come for the political leaders to fulfill their responsibility by recognizing this calamity for what it was.

    The signatories of this letter do not consider there is any doubt that the massacres of Christians and other minorities in the Ottoman Empire during the World War I constituted genocide. Even though research must and will continue, the existing information is compelling and must be acknowledged as such.

    Adam Jones
    Associate Professor, Political Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan

    Åke Daun
    Professor Emeritus of Ethnology, particularly European, Stockholm University

    Alex Grobman
    President of the Institute for Contemporary xxxish Life and the Brenn Institute

    Alexandre Kimenyi
    Professor of Linguistics, Ethnic Studies and African Languages at California State University, Sacramento

    Alexis Herr
    Doctoral Student, Strassler Family Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Clark University

    Alfred Grosser
    Professor Emeritus, the Paris Institute of Political Science, author of the preface to Vahakn Dadrian, Histoire du génocide arménien, Paris, 1996

    Alfred de Zayas
    Professor of international Law, Geneva School of Diplomacy
    Retired Senior Lawyer with the United Nations
    Former Secretary of the UN Human Rights Committee
    Former Chief of the Petitions Division at the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
    President, P.E.N. International, Centre Suisse Romand

    Anatoly M. Khazanov
    Ernest Gellner Professor of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison

    Anders Hultgård
    Professor Emeritus of Religious History, Faculty of Theology, Uppsala University, Sweden

    Bruno Chaouat
    Associate Professor of French, Center for xxxish Studies, University of Minnesota

    Charles Eric Reeves
    Professor of English Language and Literature at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts

    Christian P. Scherrer
    Professor of Peace Studies, Hiroshima University and Hiroshima Peace Institute, Hiroshima, Japan

    Claude Mutafian
    Associate Professor of Mathematics and Senior Lecturer, the Paris 13 University in Villetaneuse
    Ph.D. in History, Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne University

    David Gaunt
    Professor of History, Södertörn University College, Sweden

    Debórah Dwork
    Rose Professor of Holocaust History
    Director, Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Clark University

    xxxxran Kouymjian
    Professor of History, Director of Armenian Studies Program, California State University, Fresno

    Donald E. Miller
    Executive Director, Center for Religion and Civic Culture, University of Southern California

    Douglas Greenberg
    Professor of History
    Executive Director, USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education, College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, Leavey Library, University of Southern California

    Elizabeth R. Baer
    Professor of English and Genocide Studies, Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter, Minnesota

    Ellen J. Kennedy
    Interim Director, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies
    Coordinator, Genocide Intervention Network, Minnesota

    Eric D. Weitz
    Distinguished McKnight University Professor and Chair, History Department, University of Minnesota

    Ervin Staub
    Professor of Psychology and Founding Director of the Ph.D. Program in the Psychology of Peace and the Prevention of Violence, Emeritus, University of Massachusetts at Amherst

    Franklin Hugh Adler
    G. Theodore Mitau Chair DeWitt Wallace Professor, Department of Political Science, Macalester College

    George Andreopoulos
    Professor of Political Science, Director of the Center for Human Rights at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York

    Heidi Armbruster
    Lecturer, School of Humanities, University of Southampton, UK

    Helen Fein
    Executive Director of the Institute for the Study of Genocide, Associate of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University

    Herb Hirsch
    Professor of Political Science and co-editor, Genocide Studies and Prevention
    L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond

    Irving Louis Horowitz
    Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
    Hannah Arendt Distinguished University Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Political Science

    James E. Young
    Professor of English and Judaic Studies, University of Massachusetts

    John K. Roth
    Edward J. Sexton Professor Emeritus of Philosophy
    Founding Director, The Center for the Study of the Holocaust, Genocide, and Human Rights, Claremont McKenna College, California

    Kirk C. Allison
    Program Director, Program in Human Rights and Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota

    Klas-Göran Karlsson
    Professor of History, Lund University, Sweden

    Kostas Fraggidis
    Secretary, Evxinos Pontos Stockholm

    Kristian Gerner
    Professor of History, Lund University, Sweden

    Lars M. Andersson
    Senior Lecturer, Department of History, Uppsala University, Sweden

    Linda M. Woolf
    Professor of Psychology, Webster University, Missouri

    Manus I. Midlarsky
    Moses and Annuta Back Professor of International Peace and Conflict Resolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick

    Martha Minow
    Member of the Faculty of Education
    Jeremiah Smith, Jr. Professor, Harvard Law School

    Michael Dobkowski
    Professor of Religious Studies, Hobart and William Smith Colleges

    Michael Mann
    Professor, Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles

    Norman Naimark
    Robert and Florence McDonnell Professor in East European Studies, Stanford University

    Omer Bartov
    John P. Birkelund Distinguished Professor of European History, Department of History, Brown University

    Ove Bring
    Professor of International Law, Swedish National Defence College, Stockholm, Sweden

    Paul A. Levine
    Senior Lecturer in Holocaust History
    Education Director, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Uppsala University, Sweden

    Rachel Hadodo
    Chairwoman of the Board, Union of Assyrian Associations in Sweden

    Raffi Momjian
    Chairman and Executive Director, The Genocide Education Project, San Francisco

    Raymond Kévorkian
    Professor, Institut Français de Géopolitique, Université Paris 8 Saint-Denis

    Richard G. Hovannisian
    Professor of Armenian and Near Eastern History, University of California, Los Angeles

    Robert Melson
    Cohen-Lasry Distinguished Professor, Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Clark University

    Roger W. Smith
    Professor Emeritus, Department of Government, College of William and Mary, Virginia
    Past President, International Association of Genocide Scholars

    Ronald Grigor Suny
    Charles Tilly Collegiate Professor of Social and Political History, The University of Michigan
    Professor Emeritus of Political Science and History, The University of Chicago

    Rudolph Joseph Rummel
    Professor Emeritus of Political Science, the University of Hawaii

    Sandra Tatz
    Director of the Australian Association of Holocaust & Genocide Studies

    Saul P. Friedlander
    Professor, Department of History, UCLA

    Shelly Tenenbaum
    Professor of Sociology, Undergraduate Activities Coordinator, Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Clark University

    Stanley Payne
    Professor Emeritus, Department of History, University of Wisconsin

    Steven Leonard Jacobs
    Aaron Aronov Endowed Chair of Judaic Studies
    Associate Professor of Religious Studies, The University of Alabama
    Editor, the Papers of Raphael Lemkin
    1st Vice-President, International Association of Genocide Scholars

    Susan Ashbrook Harvey
    Professor of Religious Studies, Brown University

    Tessa Hofmann
    Ph.D. in Sociology, Department of Sociology, Institute for East European Studies, Free University Berlin

    Tigran Sarukhanyan
    Member of International Association of Genocide Scholars
    Visiting Research Fellow (PRO), Official Archives of Great Britain
    Humboldrt Fellow, University of Goettingen, Germany

    Tuomas Martikainen
    Ph.D., Postdoctoral Researcher, Academy of Finland, Åbo Akademi University, Deptartment of Comparative Religion

    Vahagn Avedian
    Chairman of the Board, Union of Armenian Associations in Sweden
    Chief Editor, Armenica.org

    William Hewitt
    Professor, Holocaust Genocide Program, West Chest University of Pennsylvania

    Winton Higgins
    Director of the Australian Association of Holocaust & Genocide Studies
    Visiting Research Fellow, Institute for International Studies, University of Technology, Sydney

    Wolfgang Gust
    Editor of the Official Documents of the German Foreign Office on the Armenian Genocide

    Yair Auron
    Professor in Sociology, Head of the Department of Sociology, Political Science and Communication, The Open University of Israel, Jerusalem

    Yehuda Bauer
    Professor Emeritus, Harman Institute of Contemporary xxxry, Faculty of Humanities, Hebrew
    University of Jerusalem

    Yves Ternon
    Ph.D. in History, Paris 4-Sorbonne University. HDR, Universit Paul Valéry-Montpellier 3

    Petition available in several languages at http://itwasgenocide.armenica.org

  • #2
    Re: Recognize the 1915 Genocide for what it is

    Armenica
    Box 1716, 751 47 Uppsala, Sweden
    Contact: Vahagn Avedian
    +46 707 73 33 83
    mailto:[email protected]


    June 12, 2008
    Stockholm, Sweden
    Swedish Parliament Refuses to Recognize the 1915 Genocide

    On June 12, 2008, the Swedish Parliament, with the votes 245 to 37 (1
    abstain, 66 absent), rejected a call for recognition of the 1915 genocide
    in the Ottoman Empire. On June 11, a long debate took place in the Swedish
    Parliament in regard to the Foreign Committee report on Human Rights,
    including five motions calling upon the Swedish Government and Parliament
    to officially recognize the 1915 genocide. In its answer (2007/2008:UU9),
    a majority consisting of the ruling alliance parties together with the
    Social Democrats (opposition party) proposed rejecting the motions,
    whereby the Green (Miljöpartiet) and the Left (Vänsterpartiet) parties
    announced their reservations, forcing the Parliament to have a debate in
    the main chamber before the proposal was voted on. The argumentation for
    why a recognition should be rejected was based on four main assumptions:

    - -...no particular consideration regarding the Armenian situation has ever
    been in form of an UN Resolution, either in 1985 or any other occasion.-
    - -The Committee understands that what engulfed the Armenians,
    Assyrian/Syrians and Chaldeans during the reign of the Ottoman Empire
    would, according to the 1948 Convention, probably be regarded as genocide,
    if it had been in power at the time.-
    - -There is still a disagreement among the experts regarding the different
    course of events of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. The same
    applies to the underlying causes and how the assaults shall be
    classified.-
    - [in regard to the development in Turkey] -...in the time being, it would
    be venturesome to disturb an initiate and delicate national process.-
    [which could fuel the extremists in the country]

    In an open letter to MPs, I pointed out some major flaws in the stated
    arguments, mentioning that the Foreign Committee members are either poorly
    informed on the existing data, reports, conventions and resolutions or
    they simply disregard the broad information which strongly contradicts
    their assertions. The UNCHR Whitaker Report from 1985, the resolutions
    issued by the International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS), the
    UN Genocide Convention, its background and meaning, along with the
    petition signed by over 60 world leading Holocaust and Genocide scholars
    (available in 13 languages at http://itwasgenocide.armenica.org) were some
    of the attachments as evidence for the erroneous and misleading
    information the report suggested. But, the debate on June 11 proofed that
    the decision had nothing to do with the presented facts.

    The more the debate went on, the more it was revealed that no MP could
    explain, less defend, any of the above mentioned arguments, save for maybe
    the last one. During the debate, Member of Parliament Hans Linde (Left),
    talking about the arguments stated in the document repeatedly asked the
    members of the alliance parties to explain the argumentation in the report
    and answer three simple and straight forward questions, namely 1) Who are
    these researchers disagreeing on the reality of the 1915 genocide? 2) If
    the 1915 genocide can not be recognized due to the chronology of the 1948
    UN Convention, how come then the Holocaust is recognized? 3) Why should
    the fear of extremists inside Turkey dictate the freedom of speech in the
    Swedish Parliament? None of the defendants could give an answer. This
    actually might be the only light in the otherwise some what embarrassing
    situation that the MPs were faced with when trying to evade the questions
    in whole. Mats Sanders (Moderat/Conservatives) had, literally nothing to
    add but to refer to the report text. Alf Svensson (Christian Democrats),
    in regard to the -disagreement among researchers-, was asked to name only
    one serious researcher who renounces the 1915 genocide. He defended the
    proposition by stating that he -believes in the information they receive
    from the Foreign Services... I believe that this is the truth, and if it is
    proven otherwise, then I am truly sorry.- I am not quite sure if Mr.
    Svensson really believes in what he stated in that sentence. But then
    again, who, if not a Christian Democrat would safeguard issues such as
    moral, human dignity, and stewardship.

    Mats Pertoft (Green), one of the co-authors of the motions, pointed out
    that the 1915 genocide was no different from the climate issue. For couple
    of years ago, there was a disagreement among researchers about the global
    warming, but now, even though there are some who still disagree, there is
    a consensus on the issue among an overwhelming majority of the
    researchers. The same applies to the 1915 genocide. Mentioning the
    petition signed by genocide experts, Pertoft joined Linde in urging the
    MPs to at least deny recognition on political basis and refrain from
    abusing the name of science and renouncing facts. A day earlier, I,
    together with Linde and Pertoft, partook in a debate broadcasted live by
    the Assyrian Satellite TV Station Suroyo. The TV station had invited
    several other MPs representing the -no- side, but in vain. No one was
    willing to participate. Linde's radio debate on the subject, scheduled for
    the morning of June 11, was also canceled since the MP defending the
    Foreign Committee proposition had backed out in last second. Maybe, just
    maybe, the text of the petition, sent to all members of parliament, made a
    difference by stating that -Today, the data and information about the
    Genocide of Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks are so extensive that
    no serious politician can honestly cite insufficient or inconclusive
    research as an excuse to avoid recognition.- This was at least true in the
    case of those who chose not participate in any of the debates, rather than
    compromising their honesty by being forced to follow their party line and
    defend their denial of a genocide.

    Two politicians defied their parties. Yilmaz Kerimo (Social Democrat), an
    ethnic Assyrian was one. The other, Lennart Sacrédeus (Christian
    Democrat), going against his party line, took the podium defending a
    recognition of the 1915 genocide and ended his statement by adding: -I
    know that we will stay here again in one year debating the very same
    question...Turkey will be hit by bad will for every debate in every
    parliament where this question is deeply associated with Turkey. I think
    that we acknowledge and can understand the background for why the issue is
    locked in Turkey; but the truth will set you free and it applies to Turkey
    and the legacy after Atatürk.- The truth will set you free, but Swedish
    politicians today displayed that they are neither ready to acknowledge the
    truth nor willing to set Turkey free from its dark burdensome past.

    The debate lasted over three hours, during which the present audience
    agreed upon one certainty: no one of those recommending the rejection of a
    recognition could, based on the alleged arguments in the report, explain,
    less defend their case. It was soon obvious that there simply were no
    sustainable arguments to be given to explain why Sweden can not recognize
    the 1915 genocide. The -no- was purely a political decision for
    maintaining good relations with Turkey, nothing else. But could such a
    decision actually benefit Turkey? Or Sweden? Or EU? In my opinion, similar
    decisions and signals are nothing but doing Turkey, and not least oneself,
    a disservice. What kind of message do we send to a Turkey in urgent need
    of reformation and democratization when we tell them that it is actually
    acceptable to cover up crimes and deny facts and the truth? What kind of a
    democracy does Sweden and EU nourish in Turkey? Notwithstanding, I can not
    imagine a single Armenian who would not welcome, by European measures, a
    reformed and democratized Turkey as their neighbor. The same would apply
    to Assyrians, Greeks, Kurds etc. But, the kind of signals which the
    Swedish Parliament today sent surely cause more damage to the Turkish
    process of becoming a more open society than the opposite.

    Another paradox in Sweden became evident, namely the existence of the
    Living History Forum, a government agency created in the wake of the
    International and Intergovernmental Genocide Conference in Stockholm,
    2004. On their web site the mission of the agency is described as
    following: -The Living History Forum is a government agency which has been
    commissioned with the task of promoting issues relating to tolerance,
    democracy and human rights - with the Holocaust as its point of reference.
    By spreading knowledge about the darkest sides of human history, we want
    to influence the future.- The Living History Forum lists the 1915 genocide
    as one of the genocides in the 20th century and educates the Swedish
    society about what really happened in the Ottoman Empire during WWI. It
    seems highly ironic that the Swedish Government and politicians do not
    practice what they preach. -By spreading knowledge about the darkest sides
    of human history, we want to influence the future.- Suddenly, Darfur makes
    total sense. The world which Swedish politicians, or any other politicians
    for that matter, shape by influencing the future with their denial of
    genocide is the kind where we do speak of, not a historic, but an ongoing
    genocide, that in Darfur; and we will most certainly experience yet many
    more.

    The phrase: -history must be left to historians- is often used by the
    Turkish state and those politicians around the world who do wish to avoid
    treading Turkish toes by recognizing the 1915 genocide. I did not realize
    until today how true that phrase is. Actually, I totally agree with the
    Turkish state on this one: history must be written by historians, not
    politicians. Today, however, Swedish MPs wrote their own new version of
    the history, a revised alternative suiting their political agenda,
    denouncing a broad data and consensus put forward by the expert scholars
    in the field. I hope that Swedish leaders, as well as all political
    leaders, would in future leave the research to researchers and base their
    decision making on presented facts put forward by scholars. Sacrédeus'
    prophecy will be fulfilled as the 1915 genocide will most certainly be
    discussed in the Swedish Parliament again and again. As an answer to the
    last question I got in the TV debate, about how we will continue when the
    highly expected rejection in the Parliament comes, I replied -We will go
    on remembering the genocide of 1915, even after its recognition. We have
    already started the preparation for the manifestation on April 24, 2009,
    which, as the last two years, will take place in front of the Swedish
    Parliament. But, I hope that this time, instead of calling upon the
    Parliament to recognize the genocide, we will thank the MPs for having
    recognized it.-

    Vahagn Avedian
    Chairman of the Union of Armenian Associations in Sweden
    Chief Editor of Armenica.org


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