Treaty of Sevres (full text)

[Hovik]

ARTICLE 321.

Subject to the present provisions, the rights of passage, transit and
landing provided for in Articles 318, 319 and 320 are subject to the
observance of such regulations as Turkey may consider it necessary to
enact, but such regulations must be approved by the Principal Allied
Powers and shall be applied without distinction to Turkish aircraft
and to those of the Allied countries.

ARTICLE 322.

Certificates of nationality, air-worthiness or competency and
licences, issued or recognised as valid by any of the Allied Powers,
shall be recognised in Turkey as valid and as equivalent to the
certificates and licences issued by Turkey.

ARTICLE 323.

As regards internal commercial air traffic the aircraft of the Allied
Powers shall enjoy in Turkey most-favoured-nation treatment.

ARTICLE 324.

The benefit of the provisions of Articles 318 and 319 shall not,
without the consent of the Allied Powers, be extended by Turkey to
States which fought on her side in the war of 19l4-l919 so long as
such States have not become Members of the League of Nations or been
admitted to adhere to the Convention concluded at Paris on October 13,
1919, relating to Aerial Navigation.

ARTICLE 325.

No concession or rights in a concession relating to civil aerial
navigation shall be granted by Turkey, without the consent of the
Allied Powers, to nationals of States which fought on her side in the
war of 1914-1919 so long as such States have not become Members of the
League of Nations or been admitted to adhere to the Convention
concluded at Paris on October 13, 1919, relating to Aerial Navigation.

ARTICLE 326.

Turkey undertakes to enforce the necessary measures to ensure that all
Turkish aircraft flying over her territory shall comply with the rules
as to lights and signals, rules of the air and rules for air traffic
on and in the neighbourhood of aerodromes, which have been laid down
in the Convention concluded at Paris on October 13, 19l9, relating to
Aerial Navigation.

ARTICLE 327.

The obligations imposed by the provisions of this Part shall remain in
force until Turkey shall have been admitted into the League of Nations
or shall have been authorised, in accordance with the provisions of
the Convention relating to Aerial Navigation concluded at Paris on
October 13, 1919, to adhere to that Convention.

PART XI.

PORTS, WATERWAYS AND RAILWAYS.

SECTION I.

GENERAL PROVISIONS.

ARTICLE 328.

Turkey undertakes to grant freedom of transit through her territories
on the routes most convenient for international transit, either by
rail, navigable waterway or canal, to persons, goods, vessels,
carriages, wagons and mails coming from or going to the territories of
any of the Allied Powers, whether contiguous or not; for this purpose
the crossing of territorial waters shall be allowed. Such persons,
goods, vessels, carriages, wagons and mails shall not be subjected to
any transit duty or to any undue delays or restrictions, and shall be
entitled in Turkey to national treatment as regards charges,
facilities and all other matters.

Goods in transit shall be exempt from all customs or other similar
duties.

All charges imposed on transport in transit shall be reasonable having
regard to the conditions of the traffic. No charge, facility or
restriction shall depend directly or indirectly on the ownership or
the nationality of the ship or other means of transport on which any
part of the through journey has been, or is to be, accomplished.

ARTICLE 329.

Turkey undertakes neither to impose nor to maintain any control over
transmigration traffic through her territories beyond measures
necessary to ensure that passengers are bona fide in transit; nor to
allow any shipping company or any other private body, corporation or
person interested in the traffic to take any part whatever in, or to
exercise any direct or indirect infiuence over, any administrative
service that may be necessary for this purpose.

ARTICLE 330.

Turkey undertakes to make no discrimination or preference, direct or
indirect, in the duties, charges and prohibitions relating to
importations into or exportations from her territories, or, subject to
any special provisions in the present Treaty, in the charges and
conditions of transport of goods or persons entering or leaving her
territories, based on the frontier crossed, or on the kind, ownership
or fiag of the means of transport (including aircraft) employed, or on
the original or immediate place of departure of the vessel, wagon or
aircraft or other means of transport employed, or its ultimate or
intennediate destination, or on the route of or places of
trans-shipment on the journey, or on whether any port through which
the goods are imported or exported is a Turkish port or a port
belonging to any foreign country, or en whether the goods are imported
or exported by sea, by land or by air.

Turkey particularly undertakes not to establish against the ports and
vessels of any of the Allied Powers any surtax or any direct or
indirect bounty for export or import by Turkish ports or vessels, or
by those of another Power, for example, by means of combined
tariffs. She further undertakes that persons or goods passing through
a port or using a vessel of any of the Allied Powers shall not be
subjected to any formality or delay whatever to which such persons or
goods would not be subjected if they passed through a Turkish port or
a port of any other Power, or used a Turkish vessel or a vessel of any
other Power.

ARTICLE 331.

All necessary administrative and technical measures shall be taken to
expedite, as much as possible, the transmission of goods across the
Turkish frontiers and to ensure their forwarding and transport from
such frontiers irrespective of whether such goods are coming from or
going to the territories of the Allied Powers or are in transit from
or to those territories, under the same material conditions in such
matters as rapidity of carriage and care ent route as are enjoyed by
other goods of the sarme kind carried on Turkish territory under
similar conditions of transport .

In particular, the transport of perishable goods shall be promptly and
regularly carried out, and the customs formalities shall be effected
in such a way as to allow the goods to be carried straight through by
trains which make connection.

ARTICLE 332.

The seaports of the Allied Powers are entitled to all favours and to
all reduced tariffs granted on Turkish railways or navigable waterways
for the benefit of Turkish ports (without prejudice to the rights of
concessionaires) or of any port of another Power.

ARTICLE 333

Subject to the rights of concessionaires, Turkey may not refuse to
participate in the tariffs or combinations of tariffs intended to
secure for ports of any of the Allied Powers advantages similar to
those granted by Turkey to her own ports or the ports of any other
Power.

SECTION II.

NAVIGATION.

CHAPTER 1.

FREEDOM OF NAVIGATION.

ARTICLE 334.

The nationals of any of the Allied Powers as well as their vessels and
property shall enjoy in all Turkish ports and on the inland navigation
routes of Turkey at least the same treatment in all respects as
Turkish nationals, vessels and property.

In particular, the vessels of any one of the Allied Powers shall be
entitled to transport goods of any description and passengers to or
from any ports or places in Turkish territory to which Turkish vessels
may have access, under conditions which shall not be more onerous than
those applied in the case of national vessels, they shall be treated
on a footing of equality with national vessels as regards port and
harbour facilities and charges of every description, including
facilities for stationing, loading and unloading, tonnage duties and
charges, harbour, pilotage, lighthouse, quarantine and all analogous
duties and charges of whatsoever nature levied in the name of or for
the profit of the Government, public functionaries, private
individuals, corporations or establishments of any kind.

In the event of Turkey granting a preferential regime to any of the
Allied Powers or to any other foreign Power, this regime shall be
extended immediately and unconditionally to all the Allied Powers.

There shall be no restrictions on the movement of persons or vessels
other than those arising from prescriptions concerning customs,
police, public health, emigration, and immigration and those relating
to the import and export of prohibited goods. Such regulations must be
reasonable and uniform and must not impede traffic unnecessarily.

CHAPTER II.

PORTS OF INTERNATIONAL CONCERN

ARTICLE 335.

The following Eastern ports are declared ports of international
concern and placed under the regime defined in the following Articles
of this section;

Constantinople, from St. Stefano to Dolma Bagtchi;

Haidar Pasha;

Smyrna;

Alexandretta;

Haifa;

Basra;

Trebizond (in the conditions laid down in Article 352);

Batum (subject to conditions to be subsequently fixed).

Free zones shall be provided in these ports.

Subject to any provisions to the contrary in the present Treaty, the
regime laid down for the above ports shall not prejudice the
territorial sovereignty.

(1) Navigation.

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ARTICLE 336

In the ports declared of international concern the nationals goods and
flags of all States Members of the League of Nations shall enjoy
complete freedom in the use of the port. In this connection and in all
respects they shall be treated on a footing of perfect equality,
particularly as regards all port and quay facilities and charges,
including facilities for berthing, loading and discharging, tonnage
dues and charges, quay, pilotage, lighthouse, quarantine and all
similar dues and charges of whatsoever nature, levied in the name of
or for the profit of the Government, public functionaries, private
individuals, corporations or establishments of every kind, no
distinction being made between the nationals, goods and flags of the
different States and those of the State under whose sovereignty or
authority the port is placed.

There shall be no restrictions on the movement of persons or vessels
other than those arising from regulations concerning customs, police,
public health, emigration and immigration and those relating to the
import and export of prohibited goods. Such regulations must be
reasonable and uniform and must not impede traffic unnecessarily.

(2) Dues and Charges.

ARTICLE 337.

All dues and charges for the use of the port or of its approaches, or
for the use of facilities provided in the port, shall be levied under
the conditions of equality prescribed in Article 336, and shall be
reasonable both as regards their amount and their application, having
regard to the expenses incurred by the port authority in the
administration, upkeep and improvement of the port and of the
approaches thereto, or in the interests of navigation.

Subject to the provisions of Article 54, Part III (Political Clauses)
of the present Treaty all dues and charges other than those provided
for in the present Article or in Articles 338, 342, or 343 are
forbidden.

ARTICLE 338.

All customs, local octroi or consumption dues, duly authorised, levied
on goods imported or exported through a port subject to the
international regime shall be the same, whether the flag of the vessel
which effected or is to effect the transport be the flag of the State
exercising sovereignty or authority over the port or any other
flag. In the absence of special circumstances justifying an exception
on account of economic needs, such dues must be fixed on the same
basis and at the same tariffs as similar duties levied on the other
customs frontiers of the State concerned. All facilities which may be
accorded by such State over other land or water routes or at other
ports for the import or export of goods shall be equally granted to
imports and exports through the port subject to the international
regime. (3) Works.

ARTICLE 339.

In the absence of any special arrangement relative to the execution of
works for maintaining and improving the port, it shall be the duty of
the State under whose sovereignty or authority the port is placed to
take suitable measures to remove any obstacle or danger to navigation
and to secure facilities for the movements of ships in the port.

ARTICLE 340.

The State under whose sovereignty or authority the port is placed must
not undertake any works liable to prejudice the facilities for the use
of the port or of its approaches.

(4) Free Zones

ARTICLE 341.

The facilities granted in a free zone for the erection or use of
warehouses and for packing and unpacking goods shall be in accordance
with trade requirements for the time being. All goods allowed to be
consumed in the free zone shall be exempt from customs, excise and all
other duties of any description whatsoever apart from the statistical
duty provided for in Article 342. Unless otherwise provided in the
present Treaty, it shall be within the discretion of the State under
whose sovereignty or authority the port is placed to permit or to
prohibit manufacture within the free zone. There shall be no
discrimination in regard to any of the provisions of this Article
either between persons belonging to different nationalities or between
goods of different origin or destination.

ARTICLE 342.

No duties or charges, other than those provided for in Article 336,
shall be levied on goods arriving in the free zone or departing
therefrom, from whatever foreign country they come or for whatever
foreign country they are destined, other than a statistical duty which
shall not exceed 1 per mille ad valorem. The proceeds of this
statistical duty shall be devoted exclusively to the maintenance of
the service dealing with the statistics relating to the traffic of the
free zone.

ARTICLE 343.

Subject to the provisions of Article 344, the duties referred to in
Article 338 may be levied under the conditions laid down in that
Article on goods coming from or going to the free zone on their
importation into the territory of the State under whose sovereignty or
authority the port is placed or on their exportation from such
territory respectively.

ARTICLE 344.

Persons, goods, postal services, ships, vessels, carriages, wagons and
other means of transport coming from or going to the free zone, and
crossing the territory of the State under whose sovereignty or
authority the port is placed, shall be deemed to be in transit across
that State if they are going to or coming from the territory of any
other State whatsoever.

(5) Dispute

ARTICLE 345.

Subject to the provisions contained in Article 61, Part III (Political
Clauses), differences which may arise between interested States with
regard to the interpretation or to the application of the dispositions
contained in Articles 335 to 344, as well as, in general, any
differences between interested States with regard to the use of the
ports, shall be settled in accordance vvith the conditions laid down
by the League of Nations.

Differences with regard to the execution of works liable to prejudice
the facilities for the use of the port or of its approaches shall be
dealt with by an accelerated procedure, and may be the object of an
expression of opinion, or of a provisional decision which may
prescribe the suspension or the immediate suppression of the said
works, without prejudice to the ultimate opinion or decision in the
case.

CHAPTER III.

CLAUSES RELATING TO THE MARITSA AND THE DANUBE

ARTICLE 346.

On a request being made by one of the riparian States to the Council
of the League of Nations, the Maritsa shall be declared an
international river, and shall be subject to the regime of
international rivers laid down in Articles 332 to 338 of the Treaty of
Peace concluded with Germany on June 28, 1919.

ARTICLE 347

On a request being made to the Council of the League of Nations by any
riparian State, the Maritsa shall be placed under the administration
of an International Commission, which shall comprise one
representative of each riparian State and one representative of Great
Britain, one of France and one of Italy.

ARTICLE 348.

Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 133, Part III
(Political Clauses), Turkey hereby recognises and accepts all the
dispositions relating to the Danube inserted in the Treaties of Peace
concluded with Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria and the regime
for that river resulting therefrom.

CHAPTER IV.

CLAUSES GIVING TO CERTAIN STATES THE USE OF CERTAIN PORTS.

ARTICLE 349

In order to ensure to Turkey free access to the Mediterranean and
Agean Seas, freedom of transit is accorded to Turkey over the
territories and in the ports detached from Turkey.

Freedom of transit is the freedom defined in Article 328, until such
time as a General Convention on the subject shall have been concluded,
whereupon the dispositions of the new Convention shall be substituted
therefor.

Special conventions between the States or Administrations concerned
will lay down, as regards Turkey with the assent of the Financial
Commission, the conditions of the exercise of the right accorded
above, and will settle in particular the method of using the ports and
the free zones existing in them, the establishment of international
(joint) services and tariffs, including through tickets and way-bills,
and the application of the Convention of Berne of October 14, 1890,
and its supplementary provisions, until its replacement by a new
Convention.

Freedom of transit will extend to postal, telegraphic and telephonic
services.

ARTICLE 350.

In the port of Smyrna Turkey will be accorded a lease in perpetuity,
subject to determination by the League of Nations, of an area which
shall be placed under the general regime of free zones laid down in
Articles 341 to 344, and shall be used for the direct transit of goods
coming from or going to that State.

The delimitation of the area referred to in the preceding paragraph,
its connection with existing railways, its equipment and exploitation,
and in general all the conditions of its utilisation, including the
amount of the rental, shall be decided by a Commission consisting of
one delegate of Turkey, one delegate of Greece, and one delegate
appointed by the League of Nations. These conditions shall be
susceptible of revision every ten years in the same manner.

ARTICLE 351.

Free access to the Black Sea by the port of Batum is accorded to
Georgia, Azerbaijan and Persia, as well as to Armenia. This right of
access will be exercised in the conditions laid down in Article 349.

ARTICLE 352.

Subject to the decision provided for in Article 89, Part III
(Political Clauses), free access to the Black Sea by the port of
Trebizond is accorded to Armenia. This right of access will be
exercised in the conditions laid down in Article 349.

In that event Armenia will be accorded a lease in perpetuity, subject
to determination by the League of Nations, of an area in the said port
which shall be placed under the general regime of free zones laid down
in Articles 34x to 344, and shall be used for the direct transit of
goods coming from or going to that State.

The delimitation of the area referred to in the preceding paragraph,
its connection with existing railways, its equipment and exploitation,
and in general all the conditions of its utilisation, including the
amount of the rental, shall be decided by a Commission consisting of
one delegate of Armenia, one delegate of Turkey, and one delegate
appointed by the League of Nations. These conditions shall be
susceptible of revision every ten years in the same manner.

SECTION III .

RAILWAYS.

CHAPTER 1.

CLAUSES RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT

ARTICLE 353.

Subject to the rights of concessionaire companies, goods coming from
the territories of the Allied Powers and going to Turkey and vice
versa, or in transit through Turkey from or to the territories of the
Allied Powers, shall enjoy on the Turkish railways as regards charges
to be collected (rebates and drawbacks being taken into account),
facilities and all other matters, the most favourable treatment
applied to goods of the same kind carried on any Turkish lines, either
in internal trafffic or for export, import or in transit, under
similar conditions of transport, for example as regards length of
route.

International tariffs established in acordance with the rates referred
to in the preceding paragraph and involving through way bills shall be
established when one of the Allied Powers shall require it from
Turkey.

ARTICLE 354

>From the coming into force of the present Treaty Turkey agrees, under
the reserves indicated in the second paragraph of this Article, to
subscribe to the conventions and arrangements signed at Berne on
October 14, 1890, September 20, 1893, July 16, 1895, June 16, 1898,
and September 19, 1906, regarding the transportation of goods by rail.

If within five years from the date of the coming into force of the
present Treaty a new convention for the transportation of passengers,
luggage and goods by rail shall have been concluded to replace the
Berne Convention of October 14, 1890, and the subsequent additions
referred to above, this new convention and the supplementary
provisions for international transport by rail which may be based on
it shall bind Turkey, even if she shall have refused to take part in
the preparation of the convention or to subscribe to it. Until a new
convention shall have been concluded, Turkey shall conform to the
provisions of the Berne Convention and the subsequent additions
referred to above, and to the current supplementary provisions.

ARTICLE 355.

Subject to the rights of concessionaire companies, Turkey shall be
bound to co-operate in the establishment of through-ticket services
(for passengers and their luggage) which shall be required by any of
the Allied Powers to ensure their communication by rail with each
other and with all other countries by transit across the territories
of Turkey; in particular Turkey shall, for this purpose, accept trains
and carriages coming from the territories of the Allied Powers and
shall forward them with a speed at least equal to that of her best
long-distance trains on the same lines. The rates applicable to such
through services shall not in any case be higher than the rates
collected on Turkish internal services for the same distance, under
the same conditions of speed and comfort.

The tariffs applicable under the same conditions of speed and comfort
to the transportation of emigrants going to or coming from ports of
the Allied Powers and using the Turkish railways shall not be at a
higher kilometric rate than the most favourable tariffs (drawbacks and
rebates being taken into account) enjoyed on the said railways by
emigrants going to or coming from any other ports.

[Hovik]

ARTICLE 356.

Turkey shall not apply specially to such through services, or to the
transportation of emigrants going to or coming from the ports of the
Allied Powers, any technical, fiscal or administrative measures, such
as measures of customs examination, general police, sanitary police,
and control, the result of which would be to impede or delay such
services.

ARTICLE 357

In case of transport partly by rail and partly by internal navigation,
with or without through way-bill, the preceding Articles shall apply
to the part of the journey performed by rail.

CHAPTER II.

ROLLING STOCK.

ARTICLE 358.

Turkey undertakes that Turkish wagons used for international traffic
shall be fitted with apparatus allowing: (1) Of their inelusion in
goods trains on the lines of such of the Allied Powers as are parties
to the Berne Convention of May 15, 1886, as modified on May 18, 1907,
without hampering the action of the continuous brake which may be
adopted in such countries within ten years of the coming into force of
the present Treaty and

(2) Of the acceptance of wagons of such countries in all goods trains
on the Turkish lines.

The rolling-stock of the Allied Powers shall enjoy on the Turkish
lines the same treatment as Turkish rolling stock as regards movement,
upkeep and repair.

CHAPTER III.

TRANSFERS OF RAILWAY LINES.

ARTICLE 359.

Subject to any special provisions concerning the transfer of ports and
railways, whether owned by the Turkish Government or private
companies, situated in the territories detached from Turkey under the
present Treaty, and to the financial conditions relating to the
concessionaires and the pensioning of the personnel, the transfer of
railways will take place under the following conditions:

(1) The works and installations of all the railroads shall be left
complete and in as good condition as possible.

(2) When a railway system possessing its own roiling stock is situated
in its entirety in transferred territory, such stock shall be left
complete with the railway, in accordance with the last inventory
before October 30, 1918, and in a normal state of upkeep, Turkey being
responsible for any losses due to causes within her control.

(3) As regards lines, the administration of which will in virtue of
the present Treaty be divided, the distribution of the rolling stock
shall be made by agreement between the administrations taking over the
several parts thereof. This agreement shall have regard to the amount
of the material registered on those lines in the last inventory before
October 30, 1918, the length of track (sidings included) and the
nature and amount of the trafffic. Failing agreement the points in
dispute shall be settled by an arbitrator designated by the League of
Nations who shall also, if necessary, specify the locomotives,
carriages and wagons to be left on each section, the conditions of
their acceptance, and such provisional arrangements as he may judge
necessary to ensure for a limited period the current maintenance in
existing workshops of the transferred stock.

(4) Stocks of stores, fittings and plant shall be left under the same
conditions as the rolling stock.

ARTICLE 360.

The Turkish Government abandons whatever rights it possesses over the
Hedjaz railway, and accepts such arrangements as shall be made for its
working, and for the distribution of the property belonging to or used
in connection with the railway, by the Governments concerned. In any
such arrangements the special position of the railway from the
religious point of view shall be fully recognised and safeguarded.

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING AGREEMENTS.

ARTICLE 361.

When, as a result of the fixing of new frontiers, a railway connection
between two parts of the same country crosses another country, or a
branch line from one country has its terminus in another, the
conditions of working, if not specifically provided for in the present
Treaty, shall be laid down in a convention between the railway
administrations concerned. If the administrations cannot come to an
agreement as to the terms of such convention, the points of difference
shall be decided by an arbitrator appointed as provided in Article
359.

The establishment of all new frontier stations between Turkey and the
contiguous Allied States or new States, as well as the working of the
lines between those stations, shall be settled by agreements similarly
concluded.

ARTICLE 362

A standing conference of technical representatives nominated by the
Governments concerned shall be constituted with powers to agree upon
the necessary joint arrangements for through traffic working, wagon
exchange, through rates and tariffs and other similar matters
affecting railways situated on territory forming part of the Turkish
Empire on August 1, 1914.

SECTION IV.

MISCELLANEOUS.

CHAPTER I.

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM.

ARTICLE 363

In default of any provision to the contrary, when as the result of the
fixing of a new frontier the hydraulic system (canalisation
inundation, irrigation, drainage or similar matters) in a State is
dependent on works executed within the territory of another State, or
when use is made on the territory of a State, in virtue of pre-war
usage, of water or hydraulic power the source of which is on the
territory of another State, an agreement shall be made between the
States concerned to safeguard the interests and rights acquired by
each of them.

Failing an agreement, the matter shall be regulated by an arbitrator
appointed by the Council of the League of Nations.

CHAPTER II.

TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES.

ARTICLE 364

Turkey undertakes on the request of any of the Allied Powers to grant
facilities for the erection and maintenance of trunk telegraph and
telephone lines across her territories.

Such facilities shall comprise the grant to any telegraph or telephone
company nominated by any of the Allied Powers of the right:

(a) To erect a new line of poles and wires along any line of railway
or other route in Turkish territory;

(b) To have access at all times to such poles and wires or wires
placed by agreement on existing poles, and to take such steps as may
be necessary to ma nta n them in good working order;

(c) To utilise the services of their own staff for the purpose of
working such wires.

All questions relating to the establishment of such lines, especially
as regards compensation to private individuals, shall be settled in
the same conditions as are applied to telegraph or telephone lines
established by the Turkish Government itself.

ARTICLE 365.

Notwithstanding any contrary stipulations in existing treaties, Turkey
undertakes to grant freedom of transit for telegraphic eorrespondence
and telephonic communications coming from or going to any one of the
Allied Powers, whether contiguous with her or not, over such lines as
may be most suitable for international transit and in accordance with
the tariffs in force. This correspondence and these communications
shall be subjected to no unnecessary delay or restriction; they shall
enjoy in Turkey national treatment in regard to every kind of
facility, and especially in regard to rapidity of transmission. No
payment, facility or restriction shall depend directly or indirectly
on the nationality of the transmitter or the addressee.

Where, in consequence of the provisions of the present Treaty, lines
previously entirely on Turkish territory traverse the territory of
more than one State, pending the revision of telegraph rates by a new
international telegraphic convention, the through charges shall not be
higher than they would have been if the whole of the territory
traversed had remained under Turkish sovereignty, and the
apportionment of the through charges between the States traversed
shall be dealt with by agreement between the administrations
concerned.

CHAPTER III.

SUBMARINE CABLES.

ARTICLE 366.

Turkey agrees to transfer the landing rights at Constantinople for the
Constantinople-Constanza cable to any administration or company which
may be designated by the Allied Powers.

ARTICLE 367.

Turkey renounces on her own behalf and on behalf of her nationals in
favour of the Principal Allied Powers all rights, titles or privileges
of whatever nature over the whole or part of the Jeddah-Suakin and
Cyprus-Latakia submarine cables.

If the cables or portions thereof transferred under the preceding
paragraph are privately owned, the value, calculated on the basis of
the original cost less a suitable allowance for depreciation, shall be
credited to Turkey.

CHAPTER IV.

EXECUTORY PROVISIONS.

ARTICLE 368.

Turkey shall carry out the instructions given her, in regard to
transport, by an authorised body acting on behalf of the Allied
Powers:

(I) For the carriage of troops under the provisions of the present
Treaty, and of material, ammunition and supplies for army use;

(2) As a temporary measure, for the transportation of supplies for
certain regions, as well as for the restoration, as rapidly as
possible, of the normal conditions of transport, and for the
organisation of postal and telegraphic services.

SECTION V.

DISPUTES AND REVISION OF PERMANENT CLAUSES.

ARTICLE 369.

Unless otherwise specifically provided for in the present Treaty,
disputes which may arise between interested Powers with regard to the
interpretation and application of this Part of the present Treaty
shall be settled as provided by the League of Nations.

ARTICLE 370.

At any time the League of Nations may recommend the revision of such
of these Articles as relate to a permanent administrative regime.

[Hovik]

ARTICLE 371.

The stipulations of Articles 328 to 334, 353 and 355 to 357 shall be
subject to revision by the Council of the League of Nations at any
time after three years from the coming into force of the present
Treaty.

Subject to the provisions of Article 373 no Allied Power can claim the
benefit of any of the stipulations of the Articles enumerated above on
behalf of any portion of its territories in which reciprocity is not
accorded in respect of such stipulations.

SECTION VI.

SPECIAL PROVISIONS.

ARTICLE 372.

Without prejudice to the special obligations imposed on her by the
present Treaty for the benefit of the Allied Powers, Turkey undertakes
to adhere to any General Conventions regarding the international
regime of transit, waterways, ports or railways which may be
concluded, with the approval of the League of Nations, within five
years of the coming into force of the present Treaty.

ARTICLE 373.

Unless otherwise expressly provided in the present Treaty, nothing in
this Part shall prejudice more extensive rights conferred on the
nationals of the Allied Powers by the Capitulations or by any
arrangements which may be substituted therefor.

PART XII.

LABOUR.

See Part XIII, Treaty of Versailles, Pages 238-253.

PART XIII.

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.

ARTICLE 415.

Turkey undertakes to recognise and to accept the conventions made or
to be made by the Allied Powers or any of them with any other Power as
to the traffic in arms and in spirituous liquors, and also as to the
other subjects dealt with in the General Acts of Berlin of February
26, 1885, and of Brussels of July 2, 1890, and the conventions
completing or modifying the same.

ARTICLE 416.

The High Contracting Parties declare and place on record that they
have taken note of the Treaty signed by the Government of the French
Republic on July 17, 1918, with His Serene Highness the Prince of
Monaco,defining the relations between France and the Principality.

ARTICLE 417.

Without prejudice to the provisions of the present Treaty, Turkey
undertakes not to put forward directly or indirectly against any
Allied Power any pecuniary claim based on events which occurred at any
time before the coming into force of the present Treaty.

The present stipulation will bar completely and finally all claims of
this nature, which will be thenceforward extinguished, whoever may be
the parties in interest.

ARTICLE 418.

Turkey accepts and recognises as valid and binding all decrees and
orders concerning Turkish ships and goods and all orders relating to
the payment of costs made by any Prize Court of any of the Allied
Powers, and undertakes not to put forward any claim arising out of
such decrees or orders on behalf of any Turkish national.

The Allied Powers reserve the right to examine in such manner as they
may determine all decisions and orders of Turkish Prize Courts,
whether affecting the property rights of nationals of those Powers or
of neutral Powers. Turkey agrees to furnish copies of all the
documents constituing the record of the cases, including the decisions
and orders made, and to accept and give effect to the recommendations
made after such examination of the cases.

ARTICLE 419.

With a view to minimising the losses arising from the sinking of ships
and cargoes in the course of the war, and to facilitating the recovery
of ships and cargoes which can be salved and the adjustment of the
private claims arising with regard thereto, the Turkish Government
undertakes to supply all the information in its power which may be of
assistance to the Governments of the Allied Powers or to their
nationals with regard to vessels sunk or damaged by the Turkish naval
forces during the period of hostilities.

ARTICLE 420.

Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty the
Turkish Government must restore to the Governments of the Allied
Powers the trophies, archives, historical souvenirs or works of art
taken from the said Powers or their nationals, including companies and
associations of every description controlled by such nationals, since
October 29, 1914.

The delivery of the articles will be effected in such places and
conditions as may be laid down by the Governments to which they are to
be restored.

ARTICLE 421. The Turkish Government will, within twelve months from
the coming into force of the present Treaty, abrogate the existing law
of antiquities and take the necessary steps to enact a new law of
antiquities which will be based on the rules contained in the Annex
hereto, and must be submitted to the Financial Commission for approval
before being submitted to the Turkish Parliament. The Turkish
Government undertakes to ensure the execution of this law on a basis
of perfect equality between all nations.

ANNEX.

1.
"Antiquity" means any construction or any product of human activity
earlier than the year 1700.

2.
The law for the protection of antiquities shall proceed by
encouragement rather than by threat.

Any person who, having discovered an antiquity without being furnished
with the authorisation referred to in paragraph 5, reports the same to
an official of the competent Turkish Department, shall be rewarded
according to the value of the discovery.

3.
No antiquity may be disposed of except to the competent Turkish
Department, unless this Department renounces the acquisition of any
such antiquity.

No antiquity may leave the country without an export licence from the
said Department.

4.
Any person who maliciously or negligently destroys or damages an
antiquity shall be liable to a penalty to be fixed.

5.
No clearing of ground or digging with the object of finding
antiquities shall be permitted, under penalty of fine, except to
persons authorised by the competent Turkish Department.

6.
Equitable terms shall be fixed for expropriation, temporary or
permanent, of lands which might be of historical or archeological
interest.

7.
Authorisation to excavate shall only be granted to persons who show
sufficient guarantees of archeological experience. The Turkish
Government shall not, in granting these authorisations, act in such a
way as to eliminate scholars of any nation without good grounds.

8.
The proceeds of excavations may be divided between the excavator
and the competent Turkish Department in a proportion fixed by that
Department. If division seems impossible for scientific reasons, the
excavator shall receive a fair indemnity in lieu of a part of the
find.

ARTICLE 422

All objects of religious, archeological, historical or artistic
interest which have been removed since August 1, 1914, from any of the
territories detached from Turkey will within twelve months from the
coming into force of the present Treaty be restored by the Turkish
Government to the Government of the territory from which such objects
were removed.

If any such objects have passed into private ownership, the Turkish
Government will take the necessary steps by expropriation or otherwise
to enable it to fulfil its obligations under this Article.

Lists of the objects to be restored under this Article will be
furnished to the Turkish Government by the Governments concerned
within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty.

ARTICLE 423.

The Turkish Government undertakes to preserve the books, documents and
manuscripts from the Library of the Russian Archeological Institute at
Constantinople which are now in its possession, and to deliver them to
such authority as the Allied Powers, in order to safeguard the rights
of Russia, reserve the right to designate. Pending such delivery the
Turkish Government must allow all persons duly authorised by any of
the Allied Powers to have free access to the said books, documents and
manuscripts.

ARTICLE 424.

On the coming into force of the present Treaty, Turkey will hand over
without delay to the Governments concerned archives, registers, plans,
title-deeds and documents of every kind belonging to the civil,
military, financial, judicial or other forms of administration in the
transferred territories. If any one of these documents, archives,
registers, title-deeds or plans is missing, it shall be restored by
Turkey upon the demand of the Government concerned.

In case the archives, registers, plans, title-deeds or documents
referred to in the preceding paragraph, exclusive of those of a
military character, concern equally the administrations in Turkey, and
cannot therefore be handed over without inconvenience to such
administrations, Turkey undertakes, subject to reciprocity, to give
access thereto to the Govermllents concerned.

The Turkish Government undertakes in particular to restore to the
Greek Government the local land registers or any other public
registers relating to landed property in the districts of the former
Turkish Empire transferred to Greece since 1912, which the Turkish
authorities removed or may have removed at the time of the evacuation.

In cases where the restitution of one or more of such registers is
impossible owing to their disappearance or for any other reason, and
whenever necessary for purposes of verification of titles produced to
the Greek authorities, the Greek Government shall be entitled to take
any necessary copies of the entries in the Central Land Registry at
Constantinople.

ARTICLE 425.

Tlle Turkish Government undertakes, subject to reciprocity, to afford
to the Governments exercising authority over territory detached from
Turkey, or of which the existing status is recognised by Turkey under
the present Treaty, access to any archives and documents of every
description relating to the administration of Wakfs in such territory,
or to particular Wakfs, wherever situated, in which persons or
institutions established in such territory are interested.

ARTICLE 426.

All judicial decisions given in Turkey by a judge or court of an
Allied Power between October 30, 1918, and the coming into force of
the new judicial system referred to in Article 136, Part III
(Political Clauses) shall be recognised by the Turkish Government,
which undertakes if necessary to ensure the execution of such
decisions.

ARTICLE 427.

Subject to the provisions of Article 46, Part III (Political Clauses)
Turkey hereby agrees so far as concerns her territory as delimited in
Article 27 to accept and to co-operate in the execution of any
decisions taken by the Allied Powers, in agreement where necessary
with other Powers, in relation to any matters previously dealt with by
the Constantinople Superior Council of Health and the Turkish Sanitary
Administration which was directed by the said Council.

ARTICLE 428.

As regards the territories detached from Turkey under the present
Treaty, and in any territories which cease in accordance with the
present Treaty to be under the suzerainty of Turkey, Turkey hereby
agrees to accept any decisions in conformity with the principles
enunciated below taken by the Allied Powers, in agreement where
necessary with other Powers, in relation to any matters previously
dealt with by the Constantinople Superior Council of Health or the
Turkish Sanitary Administration which was directed by the said
Council, or by the Alexandria Sanitary, Maritime and Quarantine Board.

The principles referred to in the preceding paragraph are as follows:

(a) Each Allied Power will be responsible for maintaining and
conducting in accordance with the provisions of international sanitary
conventions its own quarantine establishments in any territory
detached from Turkey which is placed under its control, whether the
Allied Power be in sovereign possession, or act as mandatory or
protector, or be responsible for the administration, of the territory
in question;

(b) Such measures for the sanitary control of the Hedjaz pilgrimage as
have hitherto been carried out by, or under the direction of, the
Constantinople Superior Council of Health or the Turkish Sanitary
Administration, or by the Alexandria Sanitary, Maritime and Quarantine
Board, will henceforth be undertaken by the Allied Powers under whose
sovereignty, mandate, protection or responsibility will pass those
territories in which the various quarantine stations and sanitary
establishments necessary for the execution of such measures are
situated. The measures will be in conformity with the provisions of
international sanitary conventions, and in order to secure complete
uniformity in their execution each Allied Power concerned in the
sanitary control of the pilgrimage will be represented on a
co-ordinating Pilgrimage Quarantine Committee placed under the
supervision of the Council of the League of Nations.

ARTICLE 429.

The High Contracting Parties agree that, in the absence of a
subsequent agreement to the contrary, the Chairman of any Commission
established by the present Treaty shall in the event of an equality of
votes be entitled to a second vote.

ARTICLE 430.

Except where otherwise provided in the present Treaty, in all cases
where the Treaty provides for the settlement of a question affecting
particularly certain States by means of a special Convention to be
concluded between the States concerned, it is understood by the High
Contracting Parties that difficulties arising in this connection
shall, until Turkey is admitted to membership of the League of
Nations, be settled by the Principal Allied Powers.

ARTICLE 431.

Subject to any special provisions of the present Treaty, at the
expiration of a period of six months from its coming into force, the
Turkish laws must have been modified and shall be maintained by the
Turkish Government in conformity with the present Treaty.

Within the same period, all the administrative and other measures
relating to the execution of the present Treaty must have been taken
by the Turkish Government.

ARTICLE 432.

Turkey will remain bound to give every facility for any investigation
which the Council of the League of Nations, acting if need be by a
majority vote, may consider necessary, in any matters relating
directly or indirectly to the application of the present Treaty.

ARTICLE 433.

The High Contracting Parties agree that Russia shall be entitled, on
becoming a Member of the League of Nations, to accede to the present
Treaty under such conditions as may be agreed upon between the
Principal Allied Powers and Russia, and without prejudice to any
rights expressly conferred upon her under the present Treaty.

The present Treaty, in French, in English, and in Italian, shall be
ratified. In case of divergence the French text shall prevail, except
in Parts I (Covenant of the League of Nations) and XII (Labour), where
the French and English texts shall be of equal force. The deposit of
ratifications shall be made at Paris as soon as possible.

Powers of which the seat of the Government is outside Europe will be
entitled merely to inform the Government of the French Republic
through their diplomatic representative at Paris that their
ratification has been given; in that case they must transmit the
instrument of ratification as soon as possible.

A first proces-verbal of the deposit of ratifications will be drawn up
as soon as the Treaty has been ratified by Turkey on the one hand, and
by three of the Principal Allied Powers on the other hand.

>From the date of this first proces-verbal the Treaty will come into
force between the High Contracting Parties who have ratified it.

For the determination of all periods of time provided for in the
present Treaty this date will be the date of the coming into force of
the Treaty.

In all other respects the Treaty will enter into force for each Power
at the date of the deposit of its ratification.

The French Government will transmit to all the signatory Powers a
certified copy of the proces-verbaux of the deposit of ratifications.

IN FAITH WHEREOF the above-named Plenipotentiaries have signed the
present Treaty.

Done at Sevres, the tenth day of August one thousand nine hundred and
twenty, in a single copy which will remain deposited in the archives
of the French Republic, and of which authenticated copies will be
transmitted to each of the Signatory Powers.

(L. S.) GEORGE GRAHAME.
(L. S.) GEORGE H. PERLEY.
(L. S.) ANDREW FISHER.
(L. S.) GEORGE GRAHAME.
(L. S.) R. A. BLANKENBERG.
(L. S.) ARTHUR HIRTZEL.
(L. S.) A. MILLERAND.
(L. S.) F. FRANCOIS-MARSAL.
(L. S.) JULES CAMBON. (L. S.) PALEOLOGUE.
(L. S.) BONIN.
(L. S.) MARIETTI.

(L. S.) K:. MATSUI.
(L. S.) A. AHARONIAN.
(L. S.) J. VAN DEN HEUVEL.
(L. S.) ROLIN JAEQUEMYNS,
(L. S.) E. K. VENIZELOS.
(L. S.) A. ROMANOS.

(L. S.) MAURICE ZAMOYSKI.
(L. S.) ERASME PILTZ
(L. S.) AFFONSO COSTA.

(L. S.) D. J. GUIKA.

(L. S.) STEFAN OSUSKY.

(L. S.) HADI.
(I.. S.) DR. RIZA TEWFIK.
(L. S.) RECHAD HALISS.

Thanks to Mr. Andreas Schmidt of the Assyrian Democratic Organisation for making this available.