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The forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian massacre that inspired Hitler
Last updated at 23:54pm on 31st August 2007
When the Turkish gendarmes came for Mugrditch Nazarian, they did not give
him time to dress, but took him from his home in the dead of night in his
pyjamas.
The year was 1915, and his wife, Varter, knew that she was unlikely to see
her husband alive again. Armenian men like him were being rounded up and
taken away. In the words of their persecutors, they were being "deported" -
but not to an earthly place.
Varter never found out what fate her husband suffered. Some said he was
shot, others that he was among the men held in jail, who suffered torture so
unbearable that they poured the kerosene from prison lamps over their heads
and turned themselves into human pyres as a release from the agony.
Heavily pregnant, Varter was ordered to join a death convoy marching women
and children to desert concentration camps.
She survived the journey alone - her six children died along the way. The
two youngest were thrown to their deaths down a mountainside by Turkish
guards; the other four starved to death at the bottom of a well where they
had hidden to escape.
Varter herself was abducted by a man who promised to save her - but raped
her instead. Eventually, she was released to mourn her lost family, the
victims of Europe's forgotten holocaust.
The killing of 1.5m Armenians by the Ottoman Turks during World War I
remains one of the bloodiest and most contentious events of the 20th
century, and has been called the first modern genocide.
In all, 25 concentration camps were set up in a systematic slaughter aimed
at eradicating the Armenian people - classed as "vermin" by the Turks.
Winston Churchill described the massacres as an "administrative holocaust"
and noted: "This crime was planned and executed for political reasons. The
opportunity presented itself for clearing Turkish soil of a Christian race."
Chillingly, Adolf Hitler used the episode to justify the Nazi murder of six
million xxxs, saying in 1939: "Who, after all, speaks today of the
annihilation of the Armenians?"
Yet, carried out under the cover of war, the Armenian genocide remains
shrouded in mystery - not least because modern-day Turkey refuses to
acknowledge the existence of its killing fields.
Now, new photographs of the horror have come to light. They come from the
archives of the German Deutsche Bank, which was working in the region
financing a railway network when the killing began.
Unearthed by award-winning war correspondent Robert Fisk, they were taken by
employees of the bank to document the terror unfolding before them.
They show young men, crammed into cattle trucks, waiting to travel to their
deaths. The Turks crowded 90 starving and terrified Armenians into each
wagon, the same number the Nazis averaged in their transports to the death
camps of Eastern Europe during the xxxish Holocaust.
Behind each grainy image lies a human tragedy. Destitute women and children
stare past the camera, witness to untold savagery.
Almost all young women were raped according to Fisk, while older women were
beaten to death - they did not merit the expense of a bullet. Babies were
left by the side of the road to die.
Often, attractive young Armenian girls were sent to Turkish harems, where
some lived in enforced prostitution until the mid-1920s.
Many other archive photographs testify to the sheer brutality suffered by
the Armenians: children whose knee tendons were severed, a young woman who
starved to death beside her two small children, and a Turkish official
taunting starving Armenian children with a loaf of bread.
Eyewitness accounts are even more graphic. Foreign diplomats posted in the
Ottoman Empire at the time told of the atrocities, but were powerless to
act.
One described the concentration camps, saying: "As on the gates of Dante's
Hell, the following should be written at the entrance of these accursed
encampments: 'You who enter, leave all hopes.'"
So how exactly did the events of 1915-17 unfold? Just as Hitler wanted a
Nazi-dominated world that would be Judenrein - cleansed of its xxxs - so in
1914 the Ottoman Empire wanted to construct a Muslim empire that would
stretch from Istanbul to Manchuria.
Armenia, an ancient Christian civilisation spreading out from the eastern
end of the Black Sea, stood in its way.
At the turn of the 20th century, there were two million Christian Armenians
living in the Ottoman Empire. Already, 200,000 had been killed in a series
of pogroms - most of them brutally between 1894 and 1896.
In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I against the Allies
and launched a disastrous military campaign against Russian forces in the
Caucasus. It blamed defeat on the Armenians, claiming they had colluded with
the Russians.
A prominent Turkish writer at the time described the war as "the awaited
day" when the Turks would exact "revenge, the horrors of which have not yet
been recorded in history".
Through the final months of 1914, the Ottoman government put together a
number of "Special Organisation" units, armed gangs consisting of thousands
of convicts specifically released from prison for the purpose.
These killing squads of murderers and thieves were to perpetrate the
greatest crimes in the genocide. They were the first state bureaucracy to
implement mass killings for the purpose of race extermination. One army
commander described them at the time as the "butchers of the human species".
On the night of April 24, 1915 - the anniversary of which is marked by
Armenians around the world - the Ottoman government moved decisively,
arresting 250 Armenian intellectuals. This was followed by the arrest of a
further 2,000.
Some died from torture in custody, while many were executed in public
places. The resistance poet, Daniel Varoujan, was found disembowelled, with
his eyes gouged out.
One university professor was made to watch his colleagues have their
fingernails and toenails pulled out, before being blinded. He eventually
lost his mind, and was let loose naked into the streets.
There were reports of crucifixions, at which the Turks would torment their
victims: "Now let your Christ come and help you!"
Johannes Lepsius, a German pastor who tried to protect the Armenians, said:
"The armed gangs saw their main task as raiding and looting Armenian
villages. If the men escaped their grasp, they would rape the women."
So began a carefully orchestrated campaign to eradicate the Armenians.
Throughout this period, Ottoman leaders deceived the world, orchestrating
the slaughter using code words in official telegrams.
At later war crimes trials, several military officers testified that the
word "deportation" was used to mean "massacre" or "annihilation".
Between May and August 1915, the Armenian population of the eastern
provinces was deported and murdered en masse.
The American ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Henry Morgenthau, said:
"Squads of 50 or 100 men would be taken, bound together in groups of four,
and marched to a secluded spot.
"Suddenly the sound of rifle shots would fill the air. Those sent to bury
the bodies would find them almost invariably stark naked, for, as usual, the
Turks had stolen all their clothes."
In urban areas, a town crier was used to deliver the deportation order, and
the entire male population would be taken outside the city limits and
killed - "slaughtered like sheep".
Women and children would then be executed, deported to concentration camps
or simply turned out into the deserts and left to starve to death.
An American diplomat described the deportations or death marches: "A
massacre, however horrible the word may sound, would be humane in comparison
with it."
An eyewitness who came upon a convoy of deportees reported that the women
implored him: "Save us! We will become Muslims! We will become Germans! We
will become anything you want, just save us! They are going to cut our
throats!"
Walking skeletons begged for food, and women threw their babies into lakes
rather than hand them over to the Turks.
There was mass looting and pillaging of Armenian goods. It is reported that
civilians burned bodies to find the gold coins the Armenians swallowed for
safekeeping.
Conditions in the concentration camps were appalling. The majority were
located near the modern Iraqi and Syrian frontiers, in the desert between
Jerablus and Deir ez-Zor - described as "the epicentre of death". Up to
70,000 Armenians were herded into each camp, where dysentery and typhus were
rife.
There, they were left to starve or die of thirst in the burning sun, with no
shelter. In some cases, the living were forced to eat the dead. Few
survived.
In four days alone, from 10-14 June 1915, the gangs 'eliminated' some 25,000
people in the Kemah Erzincan area alone.
In September 1915, the American consul in Kharput, Leslie A. Davis, reported
discovering the bodies of nearly 10,000 Armenians dumped into several
ravines near beautiful Lake Goeljuk, calling it the "slaughterhouse
province".
Tales of atrocity abound. Historians report that the killing squads dashed
infants on rocks in front of their mothers.
One young boy remembered his grandfather, the village priest, kneeling down
to pray for mercy before the Turks. Soldiers beheaded him, and played
football with the old man's decapitated head before his devastated family.
At the horrific Ras-ul-Ain camp near Urfa, two German railway engineers
reported seeing three to four hundred women arrive in one day, completely
naked. One witness told how Sergeant Nuri, the overseer of the camp, bragged
about raping children.
An American, Mrs Anna Harlowe Birge, who was travelling from Smyrna to
Constantinople, wrote in November 1915: "At every station where we stopped,
we came side by side with one of these trains. It was made up of cattle
trucks, and the faces of little children were looking out from behind the
tiny barred windows of each truck."
In her memoir, Ravished Armenia, Aurora Mardiganian described being raped
and thrown into a harem. From a wealthy banking family, she was just one of
thousands of Armenian girls to suffer a similar fate. Many were eventually
killed and discarded.
In the city of Malatia, she saw 16 girls crucified, vultures eating their
corpses. "Each girl had been nailed alive upon her cross, spikes through her
feet and hands," Mardiganian wrote. "Only their hair blown by the wind
covered their bodies."
In another town, she reports that the killing squads played "the game of
swords" with young Armenian girls, planting their weapons in the ground and
throwing their victims onto the protruding blade in sport.
Elsewhere, bodies tied to each other drifted down the Euphrates. And in the
Black Sea region, the Armenians were herded onto boats and then thrown
overboard.
In the desert regions, the Turks set up primitive gas chambers, stuffing
Armenians into caves and asphyxiating them with brush fires.
Everywhere, there were Armenian corpses: in lakes and rivers, in empty
desert cisterns and village wells. Travellers reported that the stench of
death pervaded the landscape.
One Turkish gendarme told a Norwegian nurse serving in Erzincan that he had
accompanied a convoy of 3,000 people. Some were summarily executed in groups
along the way; those too sick or exhausted to march were killed where they
fell. He concluded: "They're all gone, finished."
By 1917, the Armenian 'problem', as it was described by Ottoman leaders, had
been thoroughly "resolved". Muslim families were brought in to occupy empty
villages.
Even after the war, the Ottoman ministers were not repentant. In 1920, they
praised those responsible for the genocide, saying: "These things were done
to secure the future of our homeland, which we know is greater and holier
than even our own lives."
The British government pushed for those responsible for the killing to be
punished, and in 1919 a war crimes tribunal was set up.
The use of the word "genocide" in describing the massacre of Armenians has
been hotly contested by Turkey. Ahead of the nation's accession to the EU,
it is even more politically inflammatory.
The official Turkish position remains that 600,000 or so Armenians died as a
result of war. They deny any state intention to wipe out Armenians and the
killings remain taboo in the country, where it is illegal to use the term
genocide to describe the events of those bloody years.
Internationally, 21 countries have recognised the killings as genocide under
the UN 1948 definition. Armenian campaigners believe Turkey should be denied
EU membership until it admits responsibility for the massacres.
Just as in the Nazi Holocaust, there were many tales of individual acts of
great courage by Armenians and Turks alike.
Haji Halil, a Muslim Turk, kept eight members of his mother's Armenian
family safely hidden in his home, risking death.
In some areas, groups of Kurds followed the deportation convoys and saved as
many people as they could. Many mothers gave their children to Turkish and
Kurdish families to save them from death.
The Governor-General of Aleppo stood up to Ottoman officials and tried to
prevent deportations from his region, but failed.
He later recalled: "I was like a man standing by a river without any means
of rescue. But instead of water, the river flowed with blood and thousands
of innocent children, blameless old men, helpless women and strong young
people all on their way to destruction.
"Those I could seize with my hands I saved. The others, I assume, floated
downstream, never to return."
The forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian massacre that inspired Hitler
Last updated at 23:54pm on 31st August 2007
When the Turkish gendarmes came for Mugrditch Nazarian, they did not give
him time to dress, but took him from his home in the dead of night in his
pyjamas.
The year was 1915, and his wife, Varter, knew that she was unlikely to see
her husband alive again. Armenian men like him were being rounded up and
taken away. In the words of their persecutors, they were being "deported" -
but not to an earthly place.
Varter never found out what fate her husband suffered. Some said he was
shot, others that he was among the men held in jail, who suffered torture so
unbearable that they poured the kerosene from prison lamps over their heads
and turned themselves into human pyres as a release from the agony.
Heavily pregnant, Varter was ordered to join a death convoy marching women
and children to desert concentration camps.
She survived the journey alone - her six children died along the way. The
two youngest were thrown to their deaths down a mountainside by Turkish
guards; the other four starved to death at the bottom of a well where they
had hidden to escape.
Varter herself was abducted by a man who promised to save her - but raped
her instead. Eventually, she was released to mourn her lost family, the
victims of Europe's forgotten holocaust.
The killing of 1.5m Armenians by the Ottoman Turks during World War I
remains one of the bloodiest and most contentious events of the 20th
century, and has been called the first modern genocide.
In all, 25 concentration camps were set up in a systematic slaughter aimed
at eradicating the Armenian people - classed as "vermin" by the Turks.
Winston Churchill described the massacres as an "administrative holocaust"
and noted: "This crime was planned and executed for political reasons. The
opportunity presented itself for clearing Turkish soil of a Christian race."
Chillingly, Adolf Hitler used the episode to justify the Nazi murder of six
million xxxs, saying in 1939: "Who, after all, speaks today of the
annihilation of the Armenians?"
Yet, carried out under the cover of war, the Armenian genocide remains
shrouded in mystery - not least because modern-day Turkey refuses to
acknowledge the existence of its killing fields.
Now, new photographs of the horror have come to light. They come from the
archives of the German Deutsche Bank, which was working in the region
financing a railway network when the killing began.
Unearthed by award-winning war correspondent Robert Fisk, they were taken by
employees of the bank to document the terror unfolding before them.
They show young men, crammed into cattle trucks, waiting to travel to their
deaths. The Turks crowded 90 starving and terrified Armenians into each
wagon, the same number the Nazis averaged in their transports to the death
camps of Eastern Europe during the xxxish Holocaust.
Behind each grainy image lies a human tragedy. Destitute women and children
stare past the camera, witness to untold savagery.
Almost all young women were raped according to Fisk, while older women were
beaten to death - they did not merit the expense of a bullet. Babies were
left by the side of the road to die.
Often, attractive young Armenian girls were sent to Turkish harems, where
some lived in enforced prostitution until the mid-1920s.
Many other archive photographs testify to the sheer brutality suffered by
the Armenians: children whose knee tendons were severed, a young woman who
starved to death beside her two small children, and a Turkish official
taunting starving Armenian children with a loaf of bread.
Eyewitness accounts are even more graphic. Foreign diplomats posted in the
Ottoman Empire at the time told of the atrocities, but were powerless to
act.
One described the concentration camps, saying: "As on the gates of Dante's
Hell, the following should be written at the entrance of these accursed
encampments: 'You who enter, leave all hopes.'"
So how exactly did the events of 1915-17 unfold? Just as Hitler wanted a
Nazi-dominated world that would be Judenrein - cleansed of its xxxs - so in
1914 the Ottoman Empire wanted to construct a Muslim empire that would
stretch from Istanbul to Manchuria.
Armenia, an ancient Christian civilisation spreading out from the eastern
end of the Black Sea, stood in its way.
At the turn of the 20th century, there were two million Christian Armenians
living in the Ottoman Empire. Already, 200,000 had been killed in a series
of pogroms - most of them brutally between 1894 and 1896.
In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I against the Allies
and launched a disastrous military campaign against Russian forces in the
Caucasus. It blamed defeat on the Armenians, claiming they had colluded with
the Russians.
A prominent Turkish writer at the time described the war as "the awaited
day" when the Turks would exact "revenge, the horrors of which have not yet
been recorded in history".
Through the final months of 1914, the Ottoman government put together a
number of "Special Organisation" units, armed gangs consisting of thousands
of convicts specifically released from prison for the purpose.
These killing squads of murderers and thieves were to perpetrate the
greatest crimes in the genocide. They were the first state bureaucracy to
implement mass killings for the purpose of race extermination. One army
commander described them at the time as the "butchers of the human species".
On the night of April 24, 1915 - the anniversary of which is marked by
Armenians around the world - the Ottoman government moved decisively,
arresting 250 Armenian intellectuals. This was followed by the arrest of a
further 2,000.
Some died from torture in custody, while many were executed in public
places. The resistance poet, Daniel Varoujan, was found disembowelled, with
his eyes gouged out.
One university professor was made to watch his colleagues have their
fingernails and toenails pulled out, before being blinded. He eventually
lost his mind, and was let loose naked into the streets.
There were reports of crucifixions, at which the Turks would torment their
victims: "Now let your Christ come and help you!"
Johannes Lepsius, a German pastor who tried to protect the Armenians, said:
"The armed gangs saw their main task as raiding and looting Armenian
villages. If the men escaped their grasp, they would rape the women."
So began a carefully orchestrated campaign to eradicate the Armenians.
Throughout this period, Ottoman leaders deceived the world, orchestrating
the slaughter using code words in official telegrams.
At later war crimes trials, several military officers testified that the
word "deportation" was used to mean "massacre" or "annihilation".
Between May and August 1915, the Armenian population of the eastern
provinces was deported and murdered en masse.
The American ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Henry Morgenthau, said:
"Squads of 50 or 100 men would be taken, bound together in groups of four,
and marched to a secluded spot.
"Suddenly the sound of rifle shots would fill the air. Those sent to bury
the bodies would find them almost invariably stark naked, for, as usual, the
Turks had stolen all their clothes."
In urban areas, a town crier was used to deliver the deportation order, and
the entire male population would be taken outside the city limits and
killed - "slaughtered like sheep".
Women and children would then be executed, deported to concentration camps
or simply turned out into the deserts and left to starve to death.
An American diplomat described the deportations or death marches: "A
massacre, however horrible the word may sound, would be humane in comparison
with it."
An eyewitness who came upon a convoy of deportees reported that the women
implored him: "Save us! We will become Muslims! We will become Germans! We
will become anything you want, just save us! They are going to cut our
throats!"
Walking skeletons begged for food, and women threw their babies into lakes
rather than hand them over to the Turks.
There was mass looting and pillaging of Armenian goods. It is reported that
civilians burned bodies to find the gold coins the Armenians swallowed for
safekeeping.
Conditions in the concentration camps were appalling. The majority were
located near the modern Iraqi and Syrian frontiers, in the desert between
Jerablus and Deir ez-Zor - described as "the epicentre of death". Up to
70,000 Armenians were herded into each camp, where dysentery and typhus were
rife.
There, they were left to starve or die of thirst in the burning sun, with no
shelter. In some cases, the living were forced to eat the dead. Few
survived.
In four days alone, from 10-14 June 1915, the gangs 'eliminated' some 25,000
people in the Kemah Erzincan area alone.
In September 1915, the American consul in Kharput, Leslie A. Davis, reported
discovering the bodies of nearly 10,000 Armenians dumped into several
ravines near beautiful Lake Goeljuk, calling it the "slaughterhouse
province".
Tales of atrocity abound. Historians report that the killing squads dashed
infants on rocks in front of their mothers.
One young boy remembered his grandfather, the village priest, kneeling down
to pray for mercy before the Turks. Soldiers beheaded him, and played
football with the old man's decapitated head before his devastated family.
At the horrific Ras-ul-Ain camp near Urfa, two German railway engineers
reported seeing three to four hundred women arrive in one day, completely
naked. One witness told how Sergeant Nuri, the overseer of the camp, bragged
about raping children.
An American, Mrs Anna Harlowe Birge, who was travelling from Smyrna to
Constantinople, wrote in November 1915: "At every station where we stopped,
we came side by side with one of these trains. It was made up of cattle
trucks, and the faces of little children were looking out from behind the
tiny barred windows of each truck."
In her memoir, Ravished Armenia, Aurora Mardiganian described being raped
and thrown into a harem. From a wealthy banking family, she was just one of
thousands of Armenian girls to suffer a similar fate. Many were eventually
killed and discarded.
In the city of Malatia, she saw 16 girls crucified, vultures eating their
corpses. "Each girl had been nailed alive upon her cross, spikes through her
feet and hands," Mardiganian wrote. "Only their hair blown by the wind
covered their bodies."
In another town, she reports that the killing squads played "the game of
swords" with young Armenian girls, planting their weapons in the ground and
throwing their victims onto the protruding blade in sport.
Elsewhere, bodies tied to each other drifted down the Euphrates. And in the
Black Sea region, the Armenians were herded onto boats and then thrown
overboard.
In the desert regions, the Turks set up primitive gas chambers, stuffing
Armenians into caves and asphyxiating them with brush fires.
Everywhere, there were Armenian corpses: in lakes and rivers, in empty
desert cisterns and village wells. Travellers reported that the stench of
death pervaded the landscape.
One Turkish gendarme told a Norwegian nurse serving in Erzincan that he had
accompanied a convoy of 3,000 people. Some were summarily executed in groups
along the way; those too sick or exhausted to march were killed where they
fell. He concluded: "They're all gone, finished."
By 1917, the Armenian 'problem', as it was described by Ottoman leaders, had
been thoroughly "resolved". Muslim families were brought in to occupy empty
villages.
Even after the war, the Ottoman ministers were not repentant. In 1920, they
praised those responsible for the genocide, saying: "These things were done
to secure the future of our homeland, which we know is greater and holier
than even our own lives."
The British government pushed for those responsible for the killing to be
punished, and in 1919 a war crimes tribunal was set up.
The use of the word "genocide" in describing the massacre of Armenians has
been hotly contested by Turkey. Ahead of the nation's accession to the EU,
it is even more politically inflammatory.
The official Turkish position remains that 600,000 or so Armenians died as a
result of war. They deny any state intention to wipe out Armenians and the
killings remain taboo in the country, where it is illegal to use the term
genocide to describe the events of those bloody years.
Internationally, 21 countries have recognised the killings as genocide under
the UN 1948 definition. Armenian campaigners believe Turkey should be denied
EU membership until it admits responsibility for the massacres.
Just as in the Nazi Holocaust, there were many tales of individual acts of
great courage by Armenians and Turks alike.
Haji Halil, a Muslim Turk, kept eight members of his mother's Armenian
family safely hidden in his home, risking death.
In some areas, groups of Kurds followed the deportation convoys and saved as
many people as they could. Many mothers gave their children to Turkish and
Kurdish families to save them from death.
The Governor-General of Aleppo stood up to Ottoman officials and tried to
prevent deportations from his region, but failed.
He later recalled: "I was like a man standing by a river without any means
of rescue. But instead of water, the river flowed with blood and thousands
of innocent children, blameless old men, helpless women and strong young
people all on their way to destruction.
"Those I could seize with my hands I saved. The others, I assume, floated
downstream, never to return."
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