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armenia of 1918 and the Bolshoves

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  • #41
    Re: armenia of 1918 and the Bolshoves

    Originally posted by mdundar57
    Arabico, are you a history proffesor? so u had research about all of these which not in none turkish or russian books or recordings... great.. then you should know the turks nature? russians could never go any deeper then erzurum because even fighting against the whole world still a new army was ready to fight against russians but they left country before a fight but that army had a war with armanians and won. Kazim Karabekir was the leader of the army and he is known as the hawk of the east.. in 28 september 1920 Kazim Karabekir won armenians and got back sarıkamis in sept. 29 and kars in 30 th sept. then armenians wanted peace and promised to no to fight against turkiye again.. Read the Turkish History and u will see Turks always win when equal.. always..
    ************************************************** ********

    Our people fought the turks, their mistake was to thrust the word of the turk.
    Trust no one--- Always stand with a brother or sister Hay.

    New York Times
    On the web

    ARMENIANS' HEROIC STAND IN MOUNTAINS

    ________________________________________
    Men, women, and Children Fought with Knives, Scythes, and Stones
    ________________________________________
    Women Who Had Plunged Knives Into Turks Afterward Killed Themselves---Bryce Gets Report
    ________________________________________
    SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 27, 1915
    LONDON, Nov. 26.--Viscount Bryce tonight made public the details of further Armenian massacres, which, in a letter accompanying them, he says, "surpass in horror, if that were possible, what has been published already."
    "I feel," his letter continues, "that such crimes ought to be exposed to the utmost, and that the charity of other nations will more than ever be drawn to the unhappy refugees when it is known what their friends and fellow-countrymen have suffered."
    Describing a last stand of Armenian in the hill country of Samsun, a report received by Lord Bryce says:
    "The surviving warriors found themselves surrounded at close quarters by 30,000 Turks and Kurds. Then followed one of those desperate, heroic struggles for life which have always been the pride of the mountaineers. Men, women, and Children fought with knives, scythes, and stones, and anything else they could handle. They rolled blocks of stone down the steep slopes, killing many of their enemies. In the frightful hand-to -hand combats women were seen thrusting their knives into the throats of Turks.
    "When every warrior had fallen, several of the younger women who were in danger of falling into the hands of the Turks threw themselves from the rocks, some of them with infants in their arms."
    Lord Bryce's Letter
    Lord Bryce says the details confirm and amplify the ghastly history of deportations by which Armenians in Northern and Eastern Anatolia were driven to a death of fiendish cruelty. The first part of the evidence, he says, was received by the Committee of Inquiry in the United States, and the second part comes from an Armenian gentleman at Tiflis, who received it from refugees who escaped from regions where the events happened.
    "The sufferings of the peasants and the mountaineers in the regions of Van, Mush, and Samsun," Lord Bryce says, "seem to have been even more terrible than were those of the peaceful town folk described in Part I of the report. Every successive piece of evidence increases the horror of the story and confirmes the dreadful certainly of its truth.
    "These atrocities were not produced by imagination. Many of them are vouched for by several coincident testimonies. They all are in keeping, and the evidence is most complete, and some of it most terrible. At this present phase of events the civilized world is powerless to intervene, but we must bear these unspeakable crimes in constant memory against the day of reckoning."
    THE NEW EVIDENCE
    After giving the parts of the evidence received from the United States, Lord Bryce says that the following extracts were taken from his correspondent at Tiflis:
    "Toward the end of May Djevdet Bey, the Military Governor, was expelled from Van. Djevdet fled southward and entered Sairt with some 8,000 soldiers, whom he called 'Butcher Battalions. He massacred most of the Christians of Sairt, as to the details of which nothing is known. On the best of authority, however it is reported that he ordered his soldiers to burn in the public squares the Armenian Bishop, Eglise Vartaved, and the Chaldean Bishop, Addai Sher.
    "On June 25 the Turks surrounded the Town of Bitlis and cut its communications with neighboring Armenian villagers. Then most of the able-bodied men were taken away from their women by domiciliary visits. During the following few days all the men under arrest were shot outside the town and buried in deep trenches dug by the victims themselves. The young women and children were distributed among the rabble. The remainder, the useless lot were driven to the south and are believed to have been drowned in the Tigris.
    "Any attempts at resistance, however brave, were quelled by the regular troops. Many Armenians, after firing their last cartridge, either took poison by whole families or killed themselves in their homes in order not to fall into the hands of the Turks.
    Armenians Tortured to Death.
    It is such a fashion that the Turks disposed of about fifteen thousand Armenians at Bitlis. At Mush early in July the authorities demanded arms from the Armenians and a large sum in ransom of notables of the town. The head men of the village were subjected to revolting tortures. Their finger nails and then their toe nails were forcibly extracted; teeth were knocked out, and in some cases noses were whittled down the victims thus being done to death under shocking, lingering agony.
    "The female relatives of victims who came to the rescue were assaulted in public before the very eyes of their mutilated men. The shrieks and death cries of the victims filled the air, yet they did not move the Turkish beast.
    "In the Town of Mush itself the Armenians, under the leadership Gotoyan and others, entrenched themselves in churches and stone-built houses and fought for four days in self-defense, but Turkish artillery, manned by German officers, made short work of all the Armenian positions, and all the Armenian leaders, as well as their men were killed in the fighting.
    "When they were dead and silence reigned over the ruins of the churches and houses the rest of the Moslem rabble descended upon the women and children and drove them out of town and into large camps, which already had been prepared for the peasant women and children.
    Women and Children Burned
    "The ghastly scenes which followed may seem incredible, yet these reports have been confirmed beyond all doubt. The shortest means employed for disposing of the women and children in the various camps was by burning. Fire was set to the large wooden sheds in Alijan, Mograkom, Khasjogh, and other Armenian Villages, and these absolutely helpless women and children were roasted to death.
    "Many women went mad and threw away their children. Some women knelt down and prayed amid the flames which were burning their bodies. Others shrieked for help, which came from nowhere, and the executioners, who seemed unmoved by this unparalleled savagery, grasped infants by one leg and hurried them into the fire, calling out to the burning mothers. Here are your lions.
    "Turkish prisoners who apparently witnessed some of these scenes were horrified and maddened at remembering the sight. The odor of burning flesh, they say, permeated the air for many days."
    ________________________________________
    For a hard copy of this article or hundreds of others from the time of the Armenian Genocide, get a copy of The Armenian Genocide - News Accounts from the American Press: 1915-1922

    Comment


    • #42
      Re: armenia of 1918 and the Bolshoves

      [QUOTE=mdundar57]Arabico, are you a history proffesor? so u had research about all of these which not in none turkish or russian books or recordings... great.. then you should know the turks nature? russians could never go any deeper then erzurum because even fighting against the whole world still a new army was ready to fight against russians but they left country before a fight but that army had a war with armanians and won. Kazim Karabekir was the leader of the army and he is known as the hawk of the east.. in 28 september 1920 Kazim Karabekir won armenians and got back sarıkamis in sept. 29 and kars in 30 th sept. then armenians wanted peace and promised to no to fight against turkiye again.. Read the Turkish History and u will see Turks always win when equal.. always..[/QUOTE]
      ************************************************** *******

      When we stand together as one against our enemy, we will always be victorious.

      Avak



      THE FIRST REPUBLIC (FROM 1918 TO SOVIETIZTION IN 1920-1921)

      Collapse of Transcaucasian Federation. The triumph of Bolsheviks in 1917 put an end to the Russian Empire. In winter 1918, the Armenian, Georgian and Moslem leaders of Transcaucasia united to convene the Transcaucasian Federation, which proclaimed the secession of Transcaucasia from Russia.

      The Turks, rapturous over the Russian Revolution, took it almost as a miracle produced by Allah. With the decline of the Russian military power, the Caucasus front collapsed, and the decaying Turkish power survived. To prevent the further destruction of the new Bolshevik State, Vladimir Lenin was forced to conclude the humiliating Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The treaty had drastic consequences for the Armenians. The Turkish forces reoccupied the lands of the Western Armenia, earlier liberated by Russians.

      In late May 1918, under the threat of a new Turkish offensive on the Caucasus, the Transcaucasian Federation collapsed after only 3 months of existence. In fact, the Federation was a still-born creature from the very beginning. Insuperable divergences existed between the Armenian, Georgian and Moslem deputations. The Georgians were oriented to Germany, and the Moslems to Turkey, whereas the Armenians, though loyal to the Entente, were supported by nobody.
      On May 26 the independence of Georgia was declared. At the same time, the Moslems proclaimed a "Musavat Republic of Azerbaijan". This new Turkish state, created in the historical lands of the eastern Armenia, immediately and shamelessly laid claims on the Armenian territories in Karabakh, Zangezur and Nakhichevan.



      The independence of Armenia proclaimed.
      Flag of Armenia Left alone, Armenians faced the total annihilation as the 100 thousandth Turkish army crossed the pre-war Russian frontier, annexed the city of Kars and approached the Armenian capital of Yerevan. After having depopulated the Western Armenia, the Turkish military were now about to destroy the rest of Armenia and achieve their goal of eliminating the Armenian nation.
      The Armenians raised an army of 40,000 men, including soldiers, officers, volunteers and mass levies. At first the Dashnak leaders wanted to evacuate the population and to surrender Yerevan, but the Military Council headed by the Colonel Pirumian finally decided to do battle.

      The two armies met on May 28, 1918 near Sardarapat. The battle was crowned with an outstanding Armenian victory. Some 30 thousand of Turkish soldiers were killed; the Turks were flung out. Vahib-Pasha, the defeated Turkish commander, termed the Armenian soldiers as "the best fighters in the world". The Armenians also held defenses at Karaklis and at Abaran.
      On the same day of May 28, 1918 Armenia was proclaimed an independent republic. However, the embryo state was devastated, with a dislocated economy, dozens of thousands of refugees and the population starving. The danger of a new Turkish aggression was still imminent. Also, the country was soon involved in a territorial conflict with Georgia. Moreover, the situation in Karabakh was especially dangerous as the new Azerbaijani state made a series of ultimatums to the Armenian population. In September, 1918 the Turkish troops invaded Baku and joined the Turkish-Azeri mobs in massacring some 30, 000 Armenians. Dozens of surrounding Armenian villages were destroyed.

      The Wilsonian borders.

      Woodrow Wilson Mean while, the European powers found themselves unable to solve the Armenian Question. The unification of the Caucasian Armenia with the Turkish Armenia proclaimed by the Armenian government in 1919 turned out Utopian. After Armenia was officially recognized by the governments of Allies and by the United States, the US President Woodrow Wilson was invited to determine the borders of the Armenian State. According to Wilson's map, a new Armenia would include most of its historically belonging lands. The project would never come true.

      Armenia falls to Bolsheviks.

      Mustafa Kemal Further more, Armenia would face the new territorial losses. Mustafa Kemal, the new Turkish opposition leader, was able to reach an agreement with the Bolshevik leaders of Russia. Enthusiastic with the idea of "exporting the revolution eastward", Lenin and Stalin were prompt in starting an unprecedented financial and military aid to Kemal. At that time Armenia exploded into anarchy as the Armenian Bolsheviks rose in the cities of Nakhichevan, Alexandrople and Kars. The Soviet government hypocritically negotiated with both Dashnak and Bolshevik leaders of Armenia.

      In August 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres, signed by England, France and Turkey, bound Turkey to recognize the independence of Armenia and the Wilsonian boundaries. The new Armenian state was recognized by most of the countries, including the United States. However, after the triumph of Mustafa Kemal, the Turks, supported by the Bolshevik Russia, attacked the infant Armenian Republic again. The Armenian and Russian Bolsheviks played a fatal role in demoralizing the population and the Armenian army. The Bolshevik propaganda now called the Turks "socialists" and "friends of Russians". On the other hand, the victorious Russian XI Red Army, after successfully Sovietizing Baku, Azerbaijan, and Karabakh, approached Yerevan to "overthrow the Dashnaks". The disoriented Armenian army retreated, surrendering Kars and the uyezd of Surmali. The whole Armenian population there was then pitilessly butchered by the Turks.

      On November 29, 1920, Armenia was declared a Soviet state.

      Link: http://www.armenianhistory.info/thefirst.htm

      Comment


      • #43
        Re: armenia of 1918 and the Bolshoves

        The Dashnak period in Armenia was one of economic and cultural ruin. Industrial and agricultural production plummeted. More than one-third of the people died of starvation in 1918-19. The Turkish aggressors in April 1918 occupied a considerable part of Transcaucasia, including Armenia. The Turks concluded a separate peace with the Dashnak regime. After the defeat of the German bloc in November 1918, the British imperialists began to play the masters in Armenia.

        Armenian Communist organizations led the struggle of the workers for the victory of soviet power. There was an uprising of Armenian workers in May 1920, which resulted in the establishment of soviet power in Aleksandropol, Kars, and Zanzegur. But the Dashnak regime with help from the Entente imperialists drowned in blood the May Uprising.

        In September 1920 the Entente and the USA had pushed the Dashnaks into a war with Turkey. USA and Entente funded and supplied the Dashnaks. The imperialists were counting on complications to arise between Russia and Turkey, and they prepared to negotiate with Turkey at the expense of Armenia and take advantage of Turkey’s campaign in the Caucasus.

        The Dashnaks signed the Aleksandropol peace treaty on Dec 2, by which Armenia became a vassal of Turkey. But the Dashnaks no longer had the right to sign a treaty, because soviet power was established on Nov 29, 1920. On March 16, 1921 a treaty was signed between Russia and Turkey. As a result, Turkey withdrew from Aleksandropol and Nakhichevan.
        Last edited by Shaumian; 12-08-2008, 08:51 PM.

        Comment


        • #44
          Re: armenia of 1918 and the Bolshoves

          Originally posted by Shaumian View Post
          The Dashnak period in Armenia was one of economic and cultural ruin. Industrial and agricultural production plummeted. More than one-third of the people died of starvation in 1918-19. The Turkish aggressors in April 1918 occupied a considerable part of Transcaucasia, including Armenia. The Turks concluded a separate peace with the Dashnak regime. After the defeat of the German bloc in November 1918, the British imperialists began to play the masters in Armenia.

          Armenian Communist organizations led the struggle of the workers for the victory of soviet power. There was an uprising of Armenian workers in May 1920, which resulted in the establishment of soviet power in Aleksandropol, Kars, and Zanzegur. But the Dashnak regime with help from the Entente imperialists drowned in blood the May Uprising.

          In September 1920 the Entente and the USA had pushed the Dashnaks into a war with Turkey. USA and Entente funded and supplied the Dashnaks. The imperialists were counting on complications to arise between Russia and Turkey, and they prepared to negotiate with Turkey at the expense of Armenia and take advantage of Turkey’s campaign in the Caucasus.

          The Dashnaks signed the Aleksandropol peace treaty on Dec 2, by which Armenia became a vassal of Turkey. But the Dashnaks no longer had the right to sign a treaty, because soviet power was established on Nov 29, 1920. On March 16, 1921 a treaty was signed between Russia and Turkey. As a result, Turkey withdrew from Aleksandropol and Nakhichevan.
          It is what I had heard from my father.

          There are historiographcal books printed in Soviet Armenia on the role of ARF during this particular historical period of Armenia :

          http://www.globalarmenianheritage-ad.../livre1978.jpg by Professor A. Menatsaganian 1978

          http://www.globalarmenianheritage-ad.../livre1980.jpg vy B. S. Ohandjanian 1980

          I have begun some pages on the beginning of soviet period :




          But there is no hurry to work on this (emotional) subject. I think it is more important to work against Turkish denial.

          Nil (Paris)
          #3112
          Last edited by CRDA-France; 01-17-2010, 12:29 PM.

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