From the Consul in Aleppo (Roessler) to the Reichskanzler (Bethmann Hollweg)
Aleppo, 27 July 1915
Confidential
The following has become known to me concerning the deportation of the Armenians and the way in which it is being carried out:
1) As was to be expected after the dismissal of the local Vali Djelal Bey, the deportation has now been extended to the coastal strip of the Vilayet Aleppo.
2) According to news received by the Catholicos of Sis, 800 to 1000 men who had been sent from Diarbekr to the south, never arrived. It is presumed that they have all been murdered.
3) As was reported to me on 17th inst., it was observed in Rumkaleh, Biredjik and Djerabulus that bodies had been floating past on the Euphrates for a total of 25 days. The corpses were all bound together in the same way, two by two, back to back. This regularity indicates that they were not the result of butchery, but had been killed intentionally by the authorities. Rumour has it, and this is probable, that the bodies had been thrown into the river in Adiaman by soldiers. As is reported below, the bodies had stopped floating past for an interval of several days and then began again, in much larger
numbers. This time they were mainly the bodies of women and children.
4) in Tel Abiad, the Armenians in that town sold their daughters aged between 8 and 12 years, ... Those passing through Tell Abiad, the first groups of which came from Setun - preliminarily heading for Rakka - had been made apathetic by their fate and silently submitted to everything. Food has been given to them in sufficient quantities, but too irregularly. Where water is scarce to the south of Tell Abiad, the younger children are dying. In any case, many are falling victim to the strain. A whole group has already perished completely through lack of water. They were not able to take any agricultural implements with them. What are the survivors going to do once they reach their destination?
5) In view of the severity of the orders given by the government, the treatment of those on the move depends more or less on the good will of the individual officials and gendarmes through whose district they just happen to be passing. So sometime they are fed, sometimes not.
At present in Aleppo, where the food supplied by the government was sometimes insufficient
6) The signs are increasing that the government, either intentionally or unintentionally, is permitting the implementation of its measures to be taken off its hands and turned into the slaughter of the Armenians, which seems to be gradually taken over by Circassians and Kurds.
7) in one village, some hours to the south of the town, the men were separated from the women. The men were slaughtered to death and lay to the right and left of the road along which the women then had to pass. One group of women and girls was completely plundered between Mardin and Ras ul Ain by Bedouins. Those whom the Bedouins liked were dragged off by them. What will happen to those poor souls when they penetrate even deeper into Bedouin country?
8) One local Armenian told me about a family from Kharput who is related to him and comprised 17 people. 7 men were dragged off; their fate is unknown. 2 women died as a result of the strain of the journey, 8 people have arrived in Ras ul Ain. Even so, the worst part of the route only begins in Ras ul Ain.
9) After being expelled from Constantinople, the well-known Armenian Members of Parliament, Zohrab and Wartkes, recently stayed a while in Aleppo. They knew that they would meet their death if the order of the government to banish them to Diarbekir was carried out. Thus, I informed the Imperial Embassy of all this. According to tales told by the gendarmes who were accompanying them and who have now returned here, whereby they had met robbers who just happened to have shot the two Members of Parliament, there can no longer be any doubt that the government had arranged to have them murdered en route between Urfa and Diarbekr.
10) an official of the Baghdad Railway handed me the record of which I am enclosing a copy and to which I now wish to make reference. I do not deem it necessary for me to repeat the gruesome contents here in my report. The official, whose name I can produce if required, can vouch for the truth of the record, respectively for the care taken in his investigations. He has been known to me for many years as an absolutely reliable man.
In my humble opinion, the described treatment of the Armenian people deserves particular attention not only for other reasons, but also because it is being put down by wide circles of the population, including the Muslim side, to the influence of the Germans on the Turkish government. It is said that Germany incited the Turkish government to take the decision to crush the Armenian people until they are completely insignificant. The Turkish government will presumably do everything to encourage this attitude. It will be pleased to shift the blame for the odium of its disciplinary actions onto us. But this will mean Germany's name being dragged through the mud. My previous telegraphic and written reports must have demonstrated that the Turkish government has gone much further than the scope of justified defence measures in an effort to counteract actual and possible subversive Armenian activities, but instead, by extending their decrees, the execution of which they have made the duty of the authorities in an extremely harsh and most brusque manner, to include women and children, are consciously aiming to achieve the downfall of the largest possible proportions of the Armenian people by using methods which are borrowed from antiquity, but which are unworthy of a government that wishes to remain in alliance with Germany. As it is at war with the Entente, and whereas the German ally does not consider the time to be favourable for an objection, it has tried - and of this there can be no doubt - to take advantage of the opportunity to rid itself of the Armenian question for the future by leaving intact as few closed Armenian communities as possible. It has sacrificed a magnitude of innocent people together with the few guilty ones.
In a memorandum entitled "The Ottoman government against enemy accusations" published on 9 June in the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, the Turkish governments claims that the deportations are temporary. It explained, "If certain Armenians have had to temporarily resettle in other areas of the Empire, then this was because they were living in the areas of war …" Could it be taken at its word? Are Beilan, Soukluk, Kessab, etc. really war areas? Is the presence of women and children dangerous in those areas, if nearly all the men have been called up anyway?
On its first issue of 13 July, No. 192, the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung is publishing a declaration by the officious Ottoman news agency "Agence Milli" which protests against the claim by the Gazette de Lausanne that the Ottoman government was providing protection against the excesses committed against the Armenians living in Turkey and these excesses often ended in butchery.
Unfortunately, many things will speak in favour of this claim by the Gazette de Lausanne.
My telegraphic report on the unusually well-witnessed slaughters in Tell Ermen had already been presented at the time of publication of this denial. Major von Mikusch took photographs of the findings and is in a position to submit them. It has been proven that these murders on the part of the Kurds were carried out in the presence of the armed forces of the Turkish government, but probably even with their active participation.
The Turkish government has driven its Armenian subjects, the innocent ones, mark you, into the desert in thousands upon thousands[2], under the pretext of having to remove them from the war areas, exempting neither the sick nor pregnant women nor the families of conscripted men, has given them both food and water in insufficient quantities and irregularly, has done nothing against the epidemics which have broken out amongst them, has driven the women to such desperation that they set out their babies and newborns by the wayside, has sold their adolescent daughters, with the result that they have thrown themselves even with their small children into the river. It has left them to the mercy of their guards and therefore to dishonour; an escort which dragged away the girls and sold them. It has driven them into the hands of the Bedouins, who have plundered and kidnapped them. It has had the men illegally shot in lonely places and has the bodies of its victims fed to the dogs and birds of prey. It is supposed to have arranged for the murders of the representatives whom it had sent into exile. It has released prisoners from the prisons, put them in soldiers' uniforms and sent them to the areas where the deportees would be passing through. It has called up Circassian volunteers and set them onto the Armenians. But what does it offer as semi-official explanations? "The Ottoman government ... is extending its benevolent protection to all honest Christians living peacefully in Turkey ..."
I was not able to believe my own eyes when I saw this explanation and I can find no words to describe the depth of this untruth.
For the Turkish government will not be able to deny responsibility for all that has happened, for the results of the lack of welfare and foresight, for the corruptness of the performing bodies and for the conditions in the eastern parts of their area that border on anarchy. After all, it has indeed intentionally driven the deportees into this chaos. It will have no choice but to bear the responsibility, even if it should lose control over the elements it has called, as is particularly likely to happen in the Vilayet Diarbekr. Just like the destruction of the Armenians is implied in this country as being a result of German incitement, the Turkish government is trying to hide its behaviour from the European public behind our authority.
I wish to recommend Your Excellency to consider whether Turkish explanations of the Armenian question are still suitable for publication in the German press and whether or not there is a danger of our being compromised by our allies.
I will be sending this same report to the Imperial Embassy.
Roessler
Aleppo, 27 July 1915
Confidential
The following has become known to me concerning the deportation of the Armenians and the way in which it is being carried out:
1) As was to be expected after the dismissal of the local Vali Djelal Bey, the deportation has now been extended to the coastal strip of the Vilayet Aleppo.
2) According to news received by the Catholicos of Sis, 800 to 1000 men who had been sent from Diarbekr to the south, never arrived. It is presumed that they have all been murdered.
3) As was reported to me on 17th inst., it was observed in Rumkaleh, Biredjik and Djerabulus that bodies had been floating past on the Euphrates for a total of 25 days. The corpses were all bound together in the same way, two by two, back to back. This regularity indicates that they were not the result of butchery, but had been killed intentionally by the authorities. Rumour has it, and this is probable, that the bodies had been thrown into the river in Adiaman by soldiers. As is reported below, the bodies had stopped floating past for an interval of several days and then began again, in much larger
numbers. This time they were mainly the bodies of women and children.
4) in Tel Abiad, the Armenians in that town sold their daughters aged between 8 and 12 years, ... Those passing through Tell Abiad, the first groups of which came from Setun - preliminarily heading for Rakka - had been made apathetic by their fate and silently submitted to everything. Food has been given to them in sufficient quantities, but too irregularly. Where water is scarce to the south of Tell Abiad, the younger children are dying. In any case, many are falling victim to the strain. A whole group has already perished completely through lack of water. They were not able to take any agricultural implements with them. What are the survivors going to do once they reach their destination?
5) In view of the severity of the orders given by the government, the treatment of those on the move depends more or less on the good will of the individual officials and gendarmes through whose district they just happen to be passing. So sometime they are fed, sometimes not.
At present in Aleppo, where the food supplied by the government was sometimes insufficient
6) The signs are increasing that the government, either intentionally or unintentionally, is permitting the implementation of its measures to be taken off its hands and turned into the slaughter of the Armenians, which seems to be gradually taken over by Circassians and Kurds.
7) in one village, some hours to the south of the town, the men were separated from the women. The men were slaughtered to death and lay to the right and left of the road along which the women then had to pass. One group of women and girls was completely plundered between Mardin and Ras ul Ain by Bedouins. Those whom the Bedouins liked were dragged off by them. What will happen to those poor souls when they penetrate even deeper into Bedouin country?
8) One local Armenian told me about a family from Kharput who is related to him and comprised 17 people. 7 men were dragged off; their fate is unknown. 2 women died as a result of the strain of the journey, 8 people have arrived in Ras ul Ain. Even so, the worst part of the route only begins in Ras ul Ain.
9) After being expelled from Constantinople, the well-known Armenian Members of Parliament, Zohrab and Wartkes, recently stayed a while in Aleppo. They knew that they would meet their death if the order of the government to banish them to Diarbekir was carried out. Thus, I informed the Imperial Embassy of all this. According to tales told by the gendarmes who were accompanying them and who have now returned here, whereby they had met robbers who just happened to have shot the two Members of Parliament, there can no longer be any doubt that the government had arranged to have them murdered en route between Urfa and Diarbekr.
10) an official of the Baghdad Railway handed me the record of which I am enclosing a copy and to which I now wish to make reference. I do not deem it necessary for me to repeat the gruesome contents here in my report. The official, whose name I can produce if required, can vouch for the truth of the record, respectively for the care taken in his investigations. He has been known to me for many years as an absolutely reliable man.
In my humble opinion, the described treatment of the Armenian people deserves particular attention not only for other reasons, but also because it is being put down by wide circles of the population, including the Muslim side, to the influence of the Germans on the Turkish government. It is said that Germany incited the Turkish government to take the decision to crush the Armenian people until they are completely insignificant. The Turkish government will presumably do everything to encourage this attitude. It will be pleased to shift the blame for the odium of its disciplinary actions onto us. But this will mean Germany's name being dragged through the mud. My previous telegraphic and written reports must have demonstrated that the Turkish government has gone much further than the scope of justified defence measures in an effort to counteract actual and possible subversive Armenian activities, but instead, by extending their decrees, the execution of which they have made the duty of the authorities in an extremely harsh and most brusque manner, to include women and children, are consciously aiming to achieve the downfall of the largest possible proportions of the Armenian people by using methods which are borrowed from antiquity, but which are unworthy of a government that wishes to remain in alliance with Germany. As it is at war with the Entente, and whereas the German ally does not consider the time to be favourable for an objection, it has tried - and of this there can be no doubt - to take advantage of the opportunity to rid itself of the Armenian question for the future by leaving intact as few closed Armenian communities as possible. It has sacrificed a magnitude of innocent people together with the few guilty ones.
In a memorandum entitled "The Ottoman government against enemy accusations" published on 9 June in the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, the Turkish governments claims that the deportations are temporary. It explained, "If certain Armenians have had to temporarily resettle in other areas of the Empire, then this was because they were living in the areas of war …" Could it be taken at its word? Are Beilan, Soukluk, Kessab, etc. really war areas? Is the presence of women and children dangerous in those areas, if nearly all the men have been called up anyway?
On its first issue of 13 July, No. 192, the Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung is publishing a declaration by the officious Ottoman news agency "Agence Milli" which protests against the claim by the Gazette de Lausanne that the Ottoman government was providing protection against the excesses committed against the Armenians living in Turkey and these excesses often ended in butchery.
Unfortunately, many things will speak in favour of this claim by the Gazette de Lausanne.
My telegraphic report on the unusually well-witnessed slaughters in Tell Ermen had already been presented at the time of publication of this denial. Major von Mikusch took photographs of the findings and is in a position to submit them. It has been proven that these murders on the part of the Kurds were carried out in the presence of the armed forces of the Turkish government, but probably even with their active participation.
The Turkish government has driven its Armenian subjects, the innocent ones, mark you, into the desert in thousands upon thousands[2], under the pretext of having to remove them from the war areas, exempting neither the sick nor pregnant women nor the families of conscripted men, has given them both food and water in insufficient quantities and irregularly, has done nothing against the epidemics which have broken out amongst them, has driven the women to such desperation that they set out their babies and newborns by the wayside, has sold their adolescent daughters, with the result that they have thrown themselves even with their small children into the river. It has left them to the mercy of their guards and therefore to dishonour; an escort which dragged away the girls and sold them. It has driven them into the hands of the Bedouins, who have plundered and kidnapped them. It has had the men illegally shot in lonely places and has the bodies of its victims fed to the dogs and birds of prey. It is supposed to have arranged for the murders of the representatives whom it had sent into exile. It has released prisoners from the prisons, put them in soldiers' uniforms and sent them to the areas where the deportees would be passing through. It has called up Circassian volunteers and set them onto the Armenians. But what does it offer as semi-official explanations? "The Ottoman government ... is extending its benevolent protection to all honest Christians living peacefully in Turkey ..."
I was not able to believe my own eyes when I saw this explanation and I can find no words to describe the depth of this untruth.
For the Turkish government will not be able to deny responsibility for all that has happened, for the results of the lack of welfare and foresight, for the corruptness of the performing bodies and for the conditions in the eastern parts of their area that border on anarchy. After all, it has indeed intentionally driven the deportees into this chaos. It will have no choice but to bear the responsibility, even if it should lose control over the elements it has called, as is particularly likely to happen in the Vilayet Diarbekr. Just like the destruction of the Armenians is implied in this country as being a result of German incitement, the Turkish government is trying to hide its behaviour from the European public behind our authority.
I wish to recommend Your Excellency to consider whether Turkish explanations of the Armenian question are still suitable for publication in the German press and whether or not there is a danger of our being compromised by our allies.
I will be sending this same report to the Imperial Embassy.
Roessler
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